The Quantum Divide (Dan Holme)

This week we are joined by Carmen Recio Valcarce, Quantum Computing Engineer at Moody's Analytics. We cover using quantum computing to solve and accelerate algorithms for the finance industry, Moody's new quantum benchmarking platform, and deep dive into some specific financial problem use cases.

Carmen is a mathematician working on evaluating how quantum computing can disrupt the financial sector at Moody's Analytics. Thinking how to solve problems with the best algorithms and technology. Previously, development, education and research in Quantum Computing & Artificial Intelligence @ IBM

Carmen's group in Moody's objective is to evaluate how quantum computing can disrupt our industry and Moody’s products in the market, evaluate the industry maturity, establish partnerships, and position Moody’s as a referent in the quantum computing sector for finance. The team creates proofs of concept and final applications that are embedded in the current classical products. Leverages our state-of-the-art financial models and our extensive datasets across the company and liaises with the different stakeholders for its productization.

Moody’s Analytics Quantum Computing group is a recently created team that explores, researches, and implements quantum computing and communications solutions across the different organizational units of the company.

Links from Carmen:

Stephen Herbert: video of Steven Herbert explaining his paper

Moody's links

• Landing page http://moodys.com/quantum
• Quantum Computing in Financial Services: A Business Leader’s Guide

Use-case reports

• Strategic asset allocation/optimization – Our results are not published yet but this paper covers the topic of a TN approach https://journals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.013006
• Recession prediction
• Monte Carlo - podcast and this paper
• 3 resources about use cases in finance:

https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.02773

https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03890

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00603-1

In this episode of The Quantum Divide, we are joined by Maksym Sich, CEO and co-founder of Aegiq, a UK-based quantum technology company. We dive deep into the world of quantum technologies, discussing Aegiq innovative products like Artemis, a photonic quantum computer. Maksym shares insights from his educational background in applied physics at the University of Kyiv and his vision for the future of quantum computing. From the basics of photonic circuits to the implications of quantum technologies in real-world applications,

Welcome to another episode of The Quantum Divide. Today, we have the pleasure of hosting Piotr Roztocki, CTO and co-founder of Ki3 Photonics in Montreal, Canada. In this episode, we explore some aspects of quantum photonics, focusing on quantum networking and entanglement generation.

Piotr discusses his academic background and his journey into the world of quantum technology, highlighting his work at Ki3 Photonics. He provides insights into the challenges and opportunities involved in building a startup dedicated to advancing quantum optics, and the role of entangled photons in quantum communication. Piotr explains the importance of quantum state analyzers, the application of spontaneous forward mixing in their research. He also discusses the advantages of integrated photonics and the concept of creating a "quantum rainbow."

The discussion covers the role of dense wavelength division multiplexing in managing quantum photonic signals and the transmission of quantum information. Piotr addresses the challenges of quantum signal processing and the development of a robust quantum ecosystem, including the complexities of quantum transduction.

Piotr shares his vision for multi-user quantum networking and the potential of software-defined quantum networking to enhance digital communication. We explore quantum entanglement and state projection, providing an overview of current advancements and future directions in the field.

This episode is designed for physicists or network engineers seeking an in-depth understanding of the latest developments in quantum photonics. Whether you're engaged in research or practical applications, this discussion with Piotr Roztocki offers valuable insights into the evolving landscape of quantum networking and its implications for the future of communication.

Join us for a riveting discussion with Kevin Fuechsel, CEO of Quantum Optics Jena, as we journey through his unconventional path in the world of quantum communications. Starting from his background in semiconductor and photonics to his current ventures in quantum communication, Kevin provides an insightful narrative. His story of founding his company, securing investors, and overcoming the challenges of the quantum field, provides a unique perspective into the journey of a CEO in the quantum industry.

The discussion extends to exploring quantum communication and entanglement-based QKD, as well as the complex process of creating a 24/7 quantum entanglement system. We also examine the story of Carl Zeiss and the development of his company's optical instruments, which eventually led to the establishment of a thriving optics and photonics community in Jena, Germany. Listen in as we break down the importance of quantum memories for effective photon storage in quantum communication, and the future of quantum repeater technology in overcoming distance limitations.

In the final chapters, we shift our focus to the future of quantum communication and quantum key distribution (QKD) with insights from Kevin. Our exploration of quantum networking and market perspectives presents an overview of the current state and future possibilities of QKD technology. From the potential of QKD in longer distance communication to the limitations faced by QKD startups in the US, we unpack the complexities of QKD and the strides being made in the field. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(0:00:12) - Quantum Optics Jena
CEO Kevin Fuechsel shares his unconventional path to quantum technology, founding Quantum Optics Jena and securing investors.

(0:11:49) - Quantum Communication and Entanglement-Based QKD
The trial and error that led to Zeiss' development of microscopes, all the way through to Quantum Optics using entanglement for secure quantum communication.

(0:19:50) - 24/7 Quantum System Challenges and Process
QOJ's complexities in creating a 24/7 quantum entanglement system, including entanglement generation, timing, clock synchronization, and polarization compensation.

(0:26:51) - Challenges and Possibilities in Quantum Communication
The potential use of repeater technology for longer distances.

(0:33:55) - The Future of Quantum Communication
The potential for QKD in longer distance communication, building trusted node networks, and the importance of standardization and certification in implementing QKD systems.

(0:41:32) - Exploring Quantum Networking and Market Perspectives
The QKD potential, challenges, global market, and limitations for US startups due to NSA and NIST.

Yuval Boger joins us for a fascinating chat about QuEra quantum computers and how quantum computing fits into the wider high-performance computing ecosystem.

Here are some useful links from Yuval to support the conversation:

• Error correction article: https://thequantuminsider.com/2023/09/08/guest-post-quantum-error-correction-the-key-to-realizing-quantum-computings-potential/
• Qubit shuttling: https://quantumcomputingreport.com/qubit-shuttling-and-its-implication-for-neutral-atom-computers/
• How neutral atom computers work: https://www.quera.com/neutral-atom-platform
• Store optimization example: see the first application note on this page: https://www.quera.com/publications
• Quantum and the HPC center: See the first white paper on that page https://www.quera.com/publications

Claire Le Gall from Nu Quantum joins us this week to discuss quantum networking. She delves into her academic history and Nu Quantum's mission in enhancing quantum computer scalability. The episode covers collaborations with industry leaders, academic institutions, Nu Quantum's products, advancing optical hardware, some background on quantum dots, and the company's plans moving forward.

 **Chapter 1: Quantum Networking for Scalable Quantum Computers (0:00:12 - 14:00)** 
- Claire Le Gall's background in experimental physics and work on qubit control and entanglement. 
- Nu Quantum's focus on quantum networking to scale quantum computers. 
- Collaboration with Infection and Intercom on photon collection and optical hardware. 

**Chapter 2: Advantages and Challenges of Quantum Networking (0:14:17 - 22:17)** 
- The modular construction of quantum computers and the reduction of quantum error correction overhead. 
- The significance of qubit quality and the balance between fidelity and entanglement distillation. 
- Defining quantum networking in the context of various applications. 

**Chapter 3: Quantum Computing With Data Center Networking (0:22:18 - 35:29)** 
- The necessity of proximity for quantum processing units within data centers. 
- Role of quantum networking units and hardware in photon transfer between nodes. 
- The importance of heralding stations and preparation time in networking efficiency. 

**Chapter 4: Challenges and Advances in Quantum Networking (0:35:30 - 50:27)** 
- Controlling qubits and their interaction with the environment. 
- Comparative analysis of neutral atom qubits and solid-state systems. 
- Prospects of semiconductor quantum dots in generating indistinguishable photons for entanglement. 

Episode Highlights:
- Overview of QphoX' role and contributions in the rapidly advancing quantum technology field, especially quantum transducers.
- A look at quantum information technology transduction led by Robert Stockill, QphoX' CTO.
- Focused discussion on recent advancements in quantum transducers, devices converting optical and microwave photons.
- Highlights of the creation of and rigorous testing of quantum transducers.
- Explanation on the functionalities and potential uses of quantum transducers in various use cases.
- Conversation about the future prospects and challenges in the field of quantum technology.
- Rob Stockill's predictions and strategies for overcoming hurdles in quantum transducer development.

QphoX show notes:

The press release for our recent €8 Million investment round can be found here:
https://www.eu-startups.com/2024/01/delft-based-qphox-raises-e8-million-to-to-scale-quantum-computers-beyond-proof-of-concept-systems/

For keen listeners you can find a recent article qphox published in Nature Nanotechnology on the technology behind our quantum transducer:
- You can find the published article here:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-023-01515-y
- You can find a plain-language explainer of our work here:
https://qphox.eu/nat_nano_231005
- The open access pre-print is available here:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15702

And the article where we demonstrated optical frequency readout of a superconducting qubit with Rigetti computing and qblox:
https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06026

In this episode we are joined by Santanu Ganguly to describe quantum machine learning (QML), explore some of the different connotations of the term, the real world use-cases , and where we see emerging benefits.

Steve also cracks a hilarious comment about a quantum leap not being very big, because if you quantise a leap it ends up very small indeed.

Quantum-Enhanced Data Classification with a Variational Entangled Sensor Network

Yi Xia, Wei Li, Quntao Zhuang, and Zheshen Zhang

https://ece.engineering.arizona.edu/news-events/zhuang-demonstrates-benefits-quantum-computing

Join us on the Quantum Divide as we chat with Juan Moreno from AWS. In this enlightening conversation, we explore Juan's unconventional journey to quantum computing and the various quantum services AWS offers. He shares his insights about the superconducting quantum computer being developed at the Center for Quantum Computing and talks about his work at the Quantum Solutions Lab and the Center for Quantum Networking. Listen in as we uncover the potential of quantum technology becoming accessible to more customers.

We further venture into the realms of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and post quantum cryptography, discussing the physical infrastructure needed to support these on the AWS cloud. Juan sheds light on the hybrid model combining QKD and post quantum cryptography, creating an extra layer of security. AWS's edge nodes fitting into the offering make for a compelling discussion. He also shares AWS's initiatives to create a centralized key management application in the cloud in collaboration with partners. This promises an easy integration of key metrics and visualization layers. This episode is packed with insights into the future of quantum networking and QKD, don't miss out!

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(0:00:13) - Quantum Networking With AWS (15 Minutes)

Juan Moreno from AWS joins us to discuss his journey to quantum computing and the various services AWS offers in the quantum space. We discuss his background in physics, Amazon Braket, and the Quantum Solutions Lab and Center for Quantum Networking. We also talk about quantum computers, particularly the superconducting quantum computer being developed at the Center for Quantum Computing. Juan's work bridging the gap between academia and industry provides us insight into the potential for quantum technology to become accessible to more and more customers.

(0:14:47) - Quantum Key Distribution and AWS Integration (14 Minutes)

Juan Moreno from AWS is helping to bring quantum networking into the AWS cloud, including the physical infrastructure needed to support QKD and post quantum cryptography. The hybrid model combining QKD and post quantum cryptography creates an extra layer of security. AWS's edge nodes can also fit into the offering.

(0:28:26) - Quantum Key Distribution and Management (14 Minutes)

We explore the various implementations, protocols, and devices of quantum key distribution (QKD). Juan Moreno from AWS shares his expertise on the trade-offs between key rates and noise tolerance, as well as the measure device independent option. We also discuss how AWS is working with partners to create a centralized key management application in the cloud, allowing for key metrics and visualization layers to be easily integrated.

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The Center for Quantum Networking at AWS

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/quantum-computing/announcing-the-aws-center-for-quantum-networking/

• AWS edge devices integration in metropolitan QKD networks, trials done in Singapore and London: 

https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/quantum-computing/implementing-a-quantum-secured-network-in-a-metropolitan-area/

https://www.toshiba.eu/quantum/news/hsbc-becomes-first-bank-to-join-the-uks-pioneering-commercial-quantum-secure-metro-network/ 

• AWS partnerships:

SpeQtral does QKD integration of AWS edge devices for secure data transfer:

https://partners.amazonaws.com/partners/0018W00002EKaayQAD/SpeQtral%20Pte%20Ltd

LuxQuanta does QKD telemetry integration on AWS:

https://partners.amazonaws.com/partners/0018W00002FcK24QAF/LuxQuanta%20Technologies%20S.L

• Juan's personal blog:

https://quantumguru.medium.com/

In this episode, Lorenzo Leandro, a product solution specialist at Quantum Machines, shares insights from his background in quantum physics, focusing on the control of qubits at the hardware level and his experience in quantum photonics. He discusses the creation of a quantum photonics lab, his work on single-photon sources using heterostructure quantum dots, and how these can encode quantum information for computing and networking purposes. The conversation delves into the advances in quantum hardware and software, with the goal of achieving faster quantum computation.

https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=RGVJSWsAAAAJ
https://nikaakopian.org/
https://www.quantum-machines.co/
https://www.dtu.dk/english/

Welcome to our first episode! There's a short introduction and then we mainly focussed on different ways of transferring quantum state across a network. 

In this engaging conversation, we're joined by Shreyas Ramesh, Global Lead of NextGen Computing in Accenture's technology incubation team, to examine the strategic implementation of quantum technology in businesses. We explore Accenture's Quantum Foundry offering, a service providing strategy, execution capabilities, technologies, ecosystem partnerships, and methods that help businesses become quantum ready. From advisory to identifying what's relevant for the customer, listen in as we take a closer look at Accenture's vision of being vendor agnostic and problem-focused. Then, we shift our focus to investing in quantum computing use cases, even if the roadmap to a quantum advantage is not yet clear. Using examples from the telecommunications, chemistry and banking industries, we consider how generative applications, classical computations, and quantum random number generators can enhance devices.

Accenture – Quantum Computing Services

https://www.accenture.com/us-en/services/technology/quantum-computing-services

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(0:00:12) - Quantum Computing Implementation Strategy in Businesses (15 Minutes)

We explore the business implementation of quantum technology and Accenture's Quantum Foundry offering. We discuss the strategy, execution capabilities, technologies, ecosystem partnerships, and methods that Accenture provides to help companies become quantum ready. We also discuss the process of advisory and identifying what's relevant for the customer, as well as the methodology that Accenture follows to ensure their vision of being vendor agnostic and problem focused is carried out.

(0:15:31) - Investing in Quantum Computing Use Cases (4 Minutes)

Why are clients investing in quantum technology, even if there is not a clear map ahead to a quantum advantage? We analyze the idea of a typical sharpness in terms of business value and feasibility, and consider how generative applications, classical computations, and quantum random number generators can be used to make devices better. Examples from the telecommunications industry and banking are used to illustrate how these technologies can be deployed in a permissible manner. The importance of readiness when it comes to customer references is also touched on.

(0:19:58) - Quantum Computing in Financial Applications (9 Minutes)

We discuss the use of quantum technology, simulations, and machine learning to tackle complex problems in the finance and chemistry sectors. We explore how Accenture's Quantum Foundry helped a large French insurer optimize their insurance portfolio, and how a two-year collaboration with the Irish Center for High End Computing enabled the simulation of PFAS molecules. We also analyze how quantum machine learning algorithms can be used for fraud detection in banking, and how the use of quantum support vector machines can provide greater training accuracy and lower false positives.

(0:28:29) - Exploring Quantum Sensing and Detection (6 Minutes)

From use cases in quantum sensing to applications in derivatives pricing and quantum machine learning (QML), we explore the potential of quantum technology and the challenges of achieving a quantum advantage. We discuss the use of superconducting nanowires in detection, and the investment of governments in quantum sensing. We analyze the possibilities of quantum communications and examine the implications of quantum-enabled decision making for businesses.

(0:34:05) - Quantum Networking and Cryptography Trends (11 Minutes)

Accenture's clients are increasingly turning to quantum networks for cryptography, risk management, and security. We look at the crypto agility accelerators they use to quickly respond to changes in the security landscape, the importance of having the right tools in place to respond to advanced persistent threats, and the need to prioritize and track remediation activities in order to ensure security. Additionally, we explore the use of crypto agility toolkits and SDKs for risk managers to better understand and manage their security risks.

In this episode of The Quantum Divide, host Dan welcomes Can Knaut from Harvard University, a doctoral researcher working in the lab of Mikhail Lukin, a prominent figure in the field of neutral atoms. Can shares insights into his academic journey, which took a unique turn from business and economics in Switzerland to experimental quantum physics at ETH Zurich and eventually led him to Harvard.

The discussion centres around Can's research on quantum networks, particularly a recently published paper detailing the entanglement of two non-local qubits using a single photon in the network. This achievement, realized in collaboration with Amazon Web Services, marks a significant advancement in the field. Can explains the innovative method used to store entanglement and provide memory, setting the stage for practical applications of quantum networks.

Can provides an overview of his day-to-day work in the Lukin lab, emphasizing the collaborative environment and the importance of both theoretical and experimental approaches. He highlights the benefits of being part of a large, diverse team and the support provided by the Harvard Quantum Initiative, which fosters interdisciplinary research and education in quantum science.

Listeners will gain an understanding of the use of silicon vacancy centres in diamond nanophotonic systems and the unique properties that make these systems ideal for quantum information tasks. Can also touches on the broader implications of quantum networks, such as secure communication and the potential to link smaller quantum processors into more powerful quantum computers.

Tune in to hear about the latest advancements in quantum networks, the collaborative efforts driving this research forward, and the future possibilities this technology holds.

In episode two we focus in on distributed quantum computers, therefore some chat about in-QPU connectivity, using qbit state transfer mechanisms to connect multiple machines, parallelisation, and the nice weather in Germany.

Distributed Quantum Computing: A path to large scale quantum computing
https://medium.com/p/1c5d38a34c50

Steve & I chat about the importance of simulation in the absence of quantum network hardware. We discuss Cisco's QNetLab, a platform designed to unite quantum experts and software developers. Our conversation covers the current challenges, future prospects, and the need for community collaboration in quantum network simulation. 

(0:00:12) - Quantum Network Simulation
- The critical role of simulation in quantum network development.
- The lack of quantum hardware components. 
- The need for open-source libraries to foster collaboration. 

(0:13:15) - Developing Quantum Network Simulation Platform 
- Efforts in creating standardized entanglement distribution protocols. 
- The introduction of QNetLab to unify the quantum network community. 
- QNetLab’s intuitive interface designed for users with different skill levels. 

(0:23:47) - Future Vision for Quantum Networking 
- Connecting simulation code to network parameters for different simulation engines. 
- QNetLab’s potential in adapting to new technologies like photonic quantum computing. 
- The significance of community engagement and open-source contributions. 

(0:28:53) - Open-Sourcing the QNetLab Platform 
- QNetLab's foundational phase and plans for future collaboration. 
- The importance of building a solid base before seeking external contributions. 
- The potential growth of a community around quantum networking simulation. 

This time we focus in on modelling, simulation, quantum digital-twin? Okay I made up that last one. Mirella joins us from Quantopticon and I ask lots of questions about the ins and outs of modelling quantum photonic devices in classical computers for optimising product design and beyond.

Highlights:

• Introduction: The episode starts with an introduction to the topic and the guest, Dr. Mirella Koleva, who is the CEO of Quantopticon and specializes in simulating quantum photonic devices and modelling quantum systems from first principles.
• Quantum Computing and Photonic Devices: The discussion covers the basics of quantum computing and the role of photonic devices, including how Quantopticon is innovating in this field with their software.
• Quantum Modelling and Systems: The conversation delves into quantum modeling techniques and the importance of first principles in physics, with explanations on how these principles are applied in simulations.
• Software Development for Quantum Simulation: This section provides an overview of the software development process for creating quantum simulation tools, highlighting the challenges and breakthroughs in developing efficient and accurate quantum simulations.
• CEO Insights and Industry Trends: Dr. Mirella shares her experiences as a CEO in the tech industry, discussing current trends and future directions in quantum technology and photonics.
• Research and Development in Quantum Mechanics: The discussion explores ongoing research projects and their potential impact on the field, emphasizing the role of innovation and collaboration in advancing quantum mechanics.
• Conclusion: The episode concludes with final thoughts on the future of quantum computing and photonic devices, summarizing the key takeaways from the discussion.

In this episode, we take a slight tangent from our usual discussions on quantum networking to have a fascinating conversation with Amber Sheppard, a PhD student at the University of Sussex in the UK. Amber shares insights into her intriguing experiments involving quantum clocks, which she uses to measure potential shifts in the fundamental constants, specifically the mass ratio of the photon and the electron.

Throughout the episode, we explore the following key topics:

• The innovative use of quantum clocks in Amber's research.
• Detailed explanations of how these clocks can detect shifts in fundamental constants.
• The significance of measuring the mass ratio between photons and electrons.
• The types of lasers used in the experiment and how they compare to traditional optical transceivers from the IT domain
• The broader implications of this research in the field of quantum technology.

Amber's work is a prime example of how cutting-edge quantum technology can deepen our understanding of the universe's fundamental properties. Join us as we delve into the specifics of her experiments and discuss the potential future applications of her findings in quantum computing and beyond. Tune in to gain a deeper appreciation of the complexities and possibilities within the realm of quantum technology.

In Episode 21 of the podcast, Dan delves into the innovative world of quantum computing and photonic sensing with guest Daniel Brau, CEO of MiraEx. MiraEx, a startup born from EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland, specializes in quantum transducers, converters, and repeaters, aiming to bridge the gap between microwave and optical frequencies for quantum computing, sensing, and networking. Daniel shares insights into MiraEx's focus on developing hardware for quantum LANs, emphasizing the importance of maintaining quantum coherence and leveraging their technology for applications beyond superconducting quantum computers, including optical communications and enhanced sensing capabilities.

The episode further explores the challenges and technical intricacies of creating efficient, broadband quantum transducers and converters. Daniel explains how MiraEx's platform facilitates direct transduction across wide frequency ranges, offering the potential for connecting various quantum computing modalities and enhancing communication capacity. The discussion touches on the necessity of quantum error correction techniques and the company's efforts to align their developments with broader quantum networking protocols and standards, highlighting the ongoing collaboration with the IBM Q network.

Dan and Daniel also discuss the future of quantum networking, including the potential integration of novel technologies like hollow core fibers and the importance of building a versatile team to tackle the multifaceted challenges of quantum technology. MiraEx's ambition to expand its footprint in the US and its commitment to leveraging the Swiss quantum ecosystem underline the global and collaborative effort required to advance quantum networking. The episode emphasizes the nascent state of quantum technology and the exciting prospects for innovation and integration across various domains.

Introduction to Quantum Sensing: Overview of quantum sensing technology and its potential impact on various industries, featuring insights from Kevin Berghoff, CEO and co-founder of QuantumDiamonds.

The Science Behind Quantum Sensors: Deep dive into the mechanics of quantum sensors, focusing on their use of magnetic fields and NV centers to detect environmental changes at the quantum level.

Applications and Use Cases: Discussion on the practical applications of quantum sensors, highlighting real-world use cases in sectors such as semiconductor manufacturing, biology, and chemistry.

Challenges and Solutions in Quantum Sensing: Examination of the current challenges facing the field of quantum sensing, including issues related to post-processing and the need for non-destructive testing methods.

The Future of Quantum Technologies: Exploration of the broader landscape of quantum technologies, including quantum computing and machine learning, and their synergies with quantum sensing.

Wrap: Addressing  questions about quantum sensing startup dynamics, the future of quantum technologies, and advice for aspiring quantum physicists and technologists.

Join us with Tim Spiller, currently Professor of Quantum Information Technologies at the University of York and Director of the UK Quantum Communications Hub. Tim walks us through his career journey, and provides an insider's look into the UK's strategic approach to quantum technology, revealing how a decade of significant government investment has propelled the field forward. With a career straddling both academia and industry, Tim offers a unique perspective on the evolution from theoretical physics to groundbreaking quantum computing algorithms.

In this discussion, we uncover the latest on the UK's national quantum program and its expansion, detailing the strategic refresh that includes a budget boost and the creation of new hubs to foster technological advancements planned for the end of 2024. Hear about the global quantum research landscape where the UK, despite not having the financial heft of the US or China, is seen as a trailblazer in coordinating academic and industrial synergies. We also discuss the pivotal role that the quantum communication hubs have played in nurturing the growth of startups and driving innovations in quantum key distribution and random number generation.

Tune in as we explore the exciting realm of quantum technology applications, from the commercial viability of quantum key distribution in handheld devices to the Controlled SWAP test for quantum entanglement, shedding light on a potential future of quantum networking. Tim shares his thoughts on the anticipated developments in the UK's quantum program, the importance of quantum memory for large-scale quantum computing, and the critical need for global standardisation in the field. As Tim prepares to pass the baton of leadership, he reflects on the significance of continuous learning and training to support the burgeoning quantum industry and the role of outreach in promoting these cutting-edge technologies.

(00:11) - UK's Quantum Technology Strategy and Achievements

(09:29) - UK National Quantum Program Expansion

(15:42) - Quantum Communications and Startup Evolution

(32:52) - Quantum Communications

(42:05) - Potential Applications of Quantum Technology

(51:34) - Quantum Computing and Entanglement Distribution

(01:07:08) - Quantum Computing and Memory Development

(01:12:57) - Transitioning Leadership in the Quantum Communications Hub

Summary
In this episode, we explore the world of open source quantum computing with Nathan Shammah, CTO of the Unitary Fund. We explore the intersection of open source software and quantum technology, discussing the importance of community-driven projects and the impact of initiatives like Unitary Hack on the advancement of the quantum field. Find out more on the evolution of quantum software, the collaborative ecosystem of quantum computing, and get a glimpse of what the future holds for quantum algorithm development.

Highlights
(03:22 - 05:23) Unitary Fund and Open Source Software (121 Seconds) 

(09:54 - 11:15) Exploring Quantum Computing and Error Mitigation (82 Seconds) 

(16:11 - 18:16) Error Mitigation Calibration Module in MITIC (125 Seconds) 

(20:54 - 22:18) Advancing in Quantum Through Unitary Hack (84 Seconds) 

(28:30 - 29:50) Grants for Open Hardware Projects (80 Seconds) 

(37:18 - 40:26) Virtual Cores for Quantum Error Mitigation (188 Seconds) 

(41:51 - 43:57) Quantum Computing Systems and Challenges (126 Seconds) 

(49:39 - 50:50) Quantum Algorithms and Schor's Algorithm (71 Seconds) 

(52:36 - 54:22) Emerging Quantum Ecosystem Partnerships (105 Seconds) 

(57:14 - 58:35) Expanding Community Conferences and Partnerships (81 Seconds)

Today we join Sam Samuel from Cisco, and discuss quantum networking, computing, and fine stone masonry.
We do a little future gazing, and bring some opinions of realism to the idea of long distance quantum networking.
The following QuTech paper was mentioned: https://qutech.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/A-Link-Layer-Protocol-for-Quantum-Networks.pdf

Episode Summary: In this episode, host Dan sits down with Simon and Robin from OpenQuantum to discuss the cutting-edge advancements and collaborative efforts in the quantum computing industry. They explore the fusion of traditional IT practices with quantum development, the importance of open-source contributions, and the exciting potential for future technological breakthroughs. This engaging conversation delves into personal journeys, industry insights, and the vision behind OpenQuantum's mission to revolutionize quantum computing.

Key Takeaways:

OpenQuantum aims to accelerate quantum computing development by leveraging open-source software and collaborative approaches. The company's mission is to create an inclusive community that combines expertise from classical IT and quantum domains.

Robin holds a PhD in ion trap quantum computing and transitioned from academia to industry, working on innovative projects like cat flaps and functional prop replicas before returning to quantum computing. Simon comes from a diverse tech background, having worked with major companies like Dell, Ericsson, and Citrix. He advocates for open-source technology and believes in the transformative potential of quantum computing.

OpenQuantum focuses on opening up the software stack to involve a broader tech and scientific community. Their goal is to avoid redundant efforts by promoting existing open-source tools and building upon them for greater efficiency and innovation.

The company is currently working on several exciting projects and collaborations. They have established a strong relationship with GitHub and are actively engaging with the community to develop and maintain open-source quantum computing tools. Additionally, they are collaborating with the UK government and the National Quantum Computing Centre (NQCC) to accelerate product development and foster innovation within the industry.

This week, my esteemed guest is Andrew Lord from BT. Andrew recounts his transition from a fresh Oxford physics graduate to becoming an influential figure in the UK's optical and quantum industry. Our conversation takes us from the roots of subsea telephony to the cutting-edge developments in fiber optics, including the transformative impacts of WDM and the coherent revolution. Andrew sheds light on the ongoing optical research at BT and shares his insights on the applications of fiber optics in the renewed exploration of quantum technologies. In this episode, we navigate some complexities of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and its role in building scalable quantum networks. Andrew walks us through the groundbreaking trial in the Bristol and the advancements made during the subsequent London trial with Toshiba. The discussion unveils the architecture needed to efficiently connect customers and the integration challenges of quantum equipment with existing telecom frameworks. 

Hear how practical key management and security considerations come into play when servicing multiple clients and how pioneering companies like EY and HSBC are pushing the boundaries towards commercial quantum network viability. Rounding off, Andrew and I tackle the hurdles of quantum network implementation, focusing on the implications of coexisting quantum and classical channels within the same fiber. We delve into the nuances of fiber performance, the impact of reflections and Raman scattering, and wavelength selection. We close with a look ahead at the future of quantum security, where QKD meets the demands of an ever-evolving cyber threat landscape. Tune in as we discuss the potential harmonious coexistence of Post-Quantum Cryptography with QKD to safeguard the most sensitive data at the core of our networks.

(01:20 - 04:28) Andrew and BT's Background in Quantum  (188 Seconds)

(15:00 - 16:49) Scaling a Quantum Network for QKD (109 Seconds)

(24:30 - 25:06) One-Time Pair Encryption With QKD Keys (36 Seconds) 

(28:53 - 30:48) Coexistence Challenges in Quantum Networks (115 Seconds) 

(33:56 - 34:59) Options for Customer Network Encryption (63 Seconds) 

(38:34 - 39:06) Standards and Assurance in QKD (32 Seconds) 

(45:11 - 46:30) Future Market for Quantum Key Distribution (80 Seconds) 

(49:10 - 51:03) Enhancing QKD With Satellite Technology (113 Seconds) 

(52:12 - 54:09) Exploring the Future of Quantum Communications (116 Seconds)

In this episode of The Quantum Divide, Dan and quantum dot expert Poolad, CEO of Icarus Quantum, delve into the intricacies of quantum dots and their pivotal role in advancing quantum computing. From the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics to the latest in NIST's quantum research, we uncover the technical nuances and potential applications with quantum dots. Join us for a deep dive into photonic behaviour, quantum entanglement, and the innovative uses of quantum dots in today's tech landscape.

Key Discussions:

• Quantum dots & their applications
• Icarus quantum, University of Colorado, NIST and JILA 
• Insights from NIST's latest quantum research
• The intersection of photons & quantum computing
• Poolad's perspective on quantum technology's future

Join us as we explore the intricate world of quantum technology with our guest, Harold Ollivier, from Inria, a public research institute in France. Harold gives us an insightful look into his work on verification of quantum computation, error correction, and error mitigation. We also get a unique perspective on Inria's strong focus on computer science and its important contributions to various aspects within the quantum ecosystem. 

We tackle the challenges of developing quantum technologies and their impact on the market and user needs. Discover the current state of quantum computing and how companies are grappling with moving their hardware to specialized data centers. Learn about the complexities of installing a quantum computer in a data center, including cooling system requirements and potential vibration disruptions. 

We further examine the necessity of physical considerations for data centers hosting quantum machines, the practicality of dilution fridge technologies, and the relationship between these topics and privacy and security. Hear about the growing trend of privacy-preserving laws, the evolution of classical cryptography, and the French banking regulator's exploration of solutions for stress tests on the banking system. Lastly, we discuss the verification methodology for quantum computing and how it can ensure that computations are not tampered with, even without full knowledge of the computation details. Tune in for this and more on our enlightening journey through quantum technology.

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(0:00:12) - Quantum Technology Research in France (18 Minutes)

We discuss the divide between classical IT and quantum technology and the fact that these two domains need to work closely together. We are joined by Harold Olivier Right from Inria, a public research institute in France, to talk about his research on verification of quantum computation and its implications for error correction and error mitigation. We learn about Inria's focus on computer science and their work on various topics within the quantum ecosystem. We also explore the link between INRIA and the French national quantum strategy, and the strong collaborations with startups and companies.

(0:17:45) - Challenges of Developing Quantum Technologies (4 Minutes)

We explore the challenges of developing quantum technologies and how it affects the market and user needs. We look at the current state of quantum computing and how companies are dealing with the need to move their hardware to specialized data centers. We discuss the complications of bringing a quantum computer to a data center, including the cooling system requirements and the vibration that can disrupt the machine. We discuss how public money is used to research and explore these issues and how this can benefit the private sector.

(0:21:53) - Quantum Machines and Remote Execution (17 Minutes)

We discuss the need for physical aspects to be considered for data centers to host quantum machines, the practicality of dilution fridge technologies, the abundance of coaching, and the link between this topic and privacy and security. We then explore the growing trend of privacy-preserving laws, the evolution of classical cryptography, and the French banking regulator's exploration of solutions for stress tests on the banking system. Finally, we look at the requirement for developing a healthy quantum ecosystem and how it affects the market and user needs.

(0:38:41) - Approaches and Challenges in Quantum Networking (13 Minutes)

We explore the various approaches to sending qubits from a client to a server and the advances being made in quantum networking. We examine the possibilities of obfuscating the instructions sent classically, the pros and cons of these approaches, and the research and development being done on a quantum long-range backbone. We also discuss the quantum advantage in terms of space and the overhead needed to produce a secure qubit. Finally, we consider how to simplify protocols and bring them to a level where they can be implemented.

(0:52:11) - Verification Methodology for Blind Computations (5 Minutes)

I discuss the verification methodology for quantum computing and how it is possible to verify that a server is not tampering with a computation without knowing the full details of the computation. We look at how blind computation can be used to delegate a task to a server, and how it is possible to verify the server's results by providing known 'clipboard' computations and comparing the result. Technical considerations behind this methodology and the importance of proving that the class of clipboard computations is large enough to catch any malicious behaviour from the server are discussed. Finally, the implications of this approach for the future of quantum computing are considered.

(0:56:47) - Quantum Networking (1 Minutes)

We {discuss} the need for physical infrastructure to support quantum machines, the advances being made in quantum networking and the verification methods used to ensure secure communication between servers and clients. The challenges of developing quantum technologies and the impact this has on the market and user needs are also {considered}. Finally, we {reflect} on our conversation and consider the possibilities for the future.

In this episode of the Quantum Divide podcast,  Dan welcomes Natalia Herrera Valencia, a postdoctoral researcher at Heriot Watt University, to discuss various aspects of quantum technologies and their practical applications. Natalia, a physicist from Colombia, shares her academic journey, highlighting her experiences in experimental quantum optics and photonics. The conversation delves into the nuances of spatial and hyper entanglement, the challenges of encoding information into multiple dimensions, and the practical considerations of industry readiness. They explore the importance of high-dimensional quantum states in enhancing data capacity and noise robustness, as well as the potential for integrating quantum technologies into existing telecoms infrastructure and data centers. The discussion also covers the complexities of coherent measurements and the development of advanced tools for quantum information processing and communication. Natalia's insights provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of quantum research and its future directions, making this episode a valuable resource for professionals and enthusiasts in the quantum industry.

Beyond Binary Quantum Lab: https://bbqlab.org
Entanglement Unscrambled, Nature Physics 2020 Volume 16 Number 11: https://www.nature.com/nphys/volumes/16/issues/11
Natalia's work: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=G2df8soAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao

This episode is a short monologue of my perspective on PQC after a little time investigating the details.
I'm sure you'll miss Steve's jokes on this one.

Very helpful IETF draft: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ar-pquip-pqc-engineers/

Welcome to Episode 4, this week we double-click into simulation for quantum network systems. We talk about the similarities of classical and quantum simulations, the practicality of quantum network simulation, some developer tools available, frameworks and/or standardisation and lack-thereof. We touch on the purpose and outcomes of simulation and look forward to how the ecosystem could develop.

• Repeater protocol: https://qutech.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/A-Link-Layer-Protocol-for-Quantum-Networks.pdf

• NetSquid: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.12535.pdf

• Repeater simulation: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.01852

• SeQUence: https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/voices.uchicago.edu/dist/0/2327/files/2019/11/SeQUeNCe.pdf

• QuNetSim: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.06397

• QKDNetSim: https://www.qkdnetsim.info/

This week Steve and Dan chat about quantum computing services delivered from the cloud. 

This week we talk with Maria, a physics undergraduate student with a deep interest and background in quantum technologies, particularly quantum error correction, error mitigation, and quantum networking. Maria aims to contribute to the quantum software landscape over the next few decades.

Maria was an intern at Cisco, helping develop quantum protocol simulations that could shape the future of the internet. Maria's current internship is in IBM's Quantum division, where she works in the UK community team working on enablement and education.

Maria also contributed to various open-source quantum computing projects and participated in multiple quantum software hackathons. Maria has developed an error correction library for Julia's Quantum Clifford simulator, and has been involved in quantum networks research in the Mathematics department at the University of Bath.

Episode Overview
In this episode of The Quantum Divide,  Dan welcomes Wojciech Kozlowski to discuss the current state of quantum networking. Wojciech shares his unique journey from academia, where he specialized in quantum physics and optics, to his role as a software developer in classical IT, and finally to his current position where he combines both fields. The conversation delves deep into the technical and professional aspects of quantum networking, providing listeners with valuable insights into this cutting-edge field.

Key Topics Covered

Wojciech's Background and Career Journey

• Master's degree in theoretical quantum physics from Cambridge
• PhD in theoretical quantum optics from Oxford, focusing on the interaction of quantized light with ultra-cold gases
• Transition from academia to software engineering at Metaswitch in London
• Integration of quantum physics expertise with computer networking skills

Quantum Networking Fundamentals

• • Explanation of quantum entanglement and its significance in networking
  • Challenges and methods of entanglement generation and distribution
  • Importance of timing precision in quantum networks

Technical Insights

• • Overview of Wojciech's work at QuTech, including the development of the software stack and network protocols for the quantum internet
  • Discussion of heralded entanglement generation using nitrogen vacancy centers
  • The concept of QNodeOS and its role in managing quantum network nodes

Quantum Internet Alliance (QIA)

• • Goals and ambitions of the Quantum Internet Alliance, aiming for a prototype network by 2029
  • Collaboration across 40+ partners in Europe to develop a global quantum internet
  • Emphasis on a full-stack approach, including hardware, software, and protocol development

Standardization and Research

• • Wojciech's role in the Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG) under the IRTF
  • Development of informational and experimental RFCs to foster research collaboration
  • Potential future standardization efforts in organizations like ITU and ETSI

Innovative Projects and Future Directions

• Integration of quantum networking with SDN principles using P4 programming
• Exploration of new protocols and control plane strategies for enhanced network performance
• Speculative discussion on the future applications and advancements in quantum networking

Notable Quotes

• "Quantum networks are all about adding new functionality that isn't possible otherwise. It's not about faster or more; it's about completely new things you could not do before." – Wojciech Kozlowski
• "The rate of innovation that SDN enables really is its selling point for a technology that's heavily in research." – Wojciech Kozlowski

References and Resources

• QuTech: QuTech Website
• Quantum Internet Alliance: Quantum Internet Alliance Website
• P4 Programming Language: P4 Language Website
• Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG): QIRG at IRTF

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