The Progress Educational Trust podcast (Progress Educational Trust)

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast explores and explains genetics/genomics in the context of assisted conception, including carrier screening and the testing of embryos.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Dr Jonathan Berg (Lead Clinician at NHS National Services Scotland's Strategic Network for Genomic Medicine)

⚫ Dr Nicola Williams (Consultant Clinical Scientist in NHS National Services Scotland's Strategic Network for Genomic Medicine)

⚫ Professor Zosia Miedzybrodzka (Director of the University of Aberdeen's Centre for Genome-Enabled Biology and Medicine)

⚫ Dr Francesca Forzano (Consultant in Clinical Genetics at Guy's Hospital)

The development of assisted conception has been accompanied by far-reaching developments in genetics and genomics. It can be challenging for patients, policymakers and fertility professionals to keep pace with the technology.

When genetics is not your speciality, you might retain a grasp of the basics but nonetheless struggle to make sense of the latest claims and approaches. Simply distinguishing genuinely new technologies from earlier ideas in new guises can be difficult, and can involve navigating a sea of acronyms.

This discussion explores and explains the role of genetics and genomics in the fertility clinic, jargon-busting the basics as well as the latest breakthroughs.

Questions addressed include:

⚫ How and why might prospective parents, and/or their IVF embryos, be screened or tested?

⚫ Carrier screening has traditionally involved testing donors for certain conditions, and testing some prospective parents to find out whether they carry specific conditions (that have appeared in their family history). Some have argued for routine screening for a greater number of conditions. Is this supported by evidence? Is it practical?

⚫ Preimplantation genetic testing has traditionally involved testing some IVF embryos, for problems that could jeopardise a subsequent pregnancy and/or result in the birth of a child with a specific condition or predisposition. Some proposed approaches now look for a larger number of conditions, or just traits, in embryos. Are these approaches supported by evidence? Are they practical?

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast marks the centenary of JBS Haldane's Daedalus, a lecture – subsequently a book – that pioneered the idea of in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Sandy Starr (Deputy Director of PET)

⚫ Samanth Subramanian (author of the book A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of JBS Haldane)

⚫ Professor Max Saunders (author of the book Imagined Futures: Writing, Science, and Modernity in the 'Today and Tomorrow' Book Series)

⚫ Professor Nick Hopwood (author of the forthcoming book The Many Births of the Test-Tube Baby)

⚫ Dr Chloe Romanis (Assistant Professor in Biolaw at Durham University, and author of research and commentary on ectogenesisis)

February 2023 marked the centenary of Daedalus, a landmark lecture given in Cambridge by the geneticist, polymath and provocative public intellectual JBS Haldane. With this lecture, Haldane introduced the idea of assisted reproductive technology and specifically in vitro fertilisation (IVF) into the public imagination.

The Daedalus lecture so unsettled Haldane's friend Aldous Huxley, that it prompted Huxley to publish the famous dystopian novel Brave New World. Meanwhile, Haldane's student Anne McLaren would go on to do pioneering work with mice in the 1950s that paved the way for IVF, in some sense helping to bring Haldane's imagination to life. McLaren also went on to pioneer the regulation of IVF in the 1980s, as part of the Warnock Committee, thereby helping to reassure the public that the extremes of Haldane's vision would be moderated.

The Daedalus lecture became a milestone in public engagement with science when it was adapted by Haldane into a book later in 1923, becoming the first volume in the influential Today and Tomorrow series. These books, which ran for more than 150 volumes from 1923-1931, sought to make controversial issues in science and technology accessible to the general public. The series included a rebuttal to Haldane's Daedalus by another Cambridge luminary, Bertrand Russell. The series also provoked responses from public figures ranging from Winston Churchill to Evelyn Waugh.

Finally, Haldane used the Daedalus lecture to coin the term 'ectogenesis' – which entails not just IVF as we know it, but taking human reproduction outside the human body altogether. Full ectogenesis remains a distant prospect, but some inroads have been made into the partial ectogenesis of animals, and there have also been advances in in vitro gametogenesis – creating sperm and eggs in the laboratory. The far-reaching ethical and philosophical implications of such technologies continue to be debated.

In this discussion, experts and commentators explore Haldane's legacy over the past 100 years of reproductive technology, and consider what the next 100 years might have in store.

PET is grateful to the Anne McLaren Memorial Trust Fund and Cambridge Reproduction for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses pregnancy loss in the context of fertility treatment.

Issues explored include patients experiencing pregnancy loss after fertility treatment, patients seeking fertility treatment after pregnancy loss, options available to such patients, and how best to offer support.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Abha Maheshwari (Lead Clinician at Fertility Scotland)

⚫ Dr Ashleigh Holt-Kentwell (Clinical Research Fellow at the Aberdeen Fertility Centre)

⚫ Dr Justin Chu (Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Birmingham Women's Hospital)

⚫ Ruth Bender Atik (National Director of the Miscarriage Association)

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses what happens to unused IVF embryos after fertility treatment is completed.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Joanne Leitch (Lead Clinician at Fertility Scotland)

⚫ Anne Chien (Counsellor at Ninewells Hospital's Assisted Conception Unit)

⚫ Sharon Martin (Business Development Manager at Fertility Network UK)

Fertility patients may have embryos left in storage at the end of their treatment. If these patients consider themselves to have completed their family – meaning that they are unlikely ever to wish to use the remaining embryos to have further children – then they have the following five options.

⚫ Donate the embryos for use in research.

⚫ Donate the embryos for use in training.

⚫ Donate the embryos to other patients who face difficulty in conceiving a child.

⚫ Consent to the embryos being allowed to perish.

⚫ Delay or avoid the decision.

Many people find this choice difficult to make. Consequently, they 'choose' the final option – or perhaps more accurately, the final option occurs by default – although in the UK, they are required by law to renew their consent every 10 years (for up to an overall maximum of 55 years), if they wish storage to continue.

People with unused embryos in storage currently receive little or no information or support – either immediately after their fertility treatment, or when the end of a 10-year storage period is imminent – to help them make a decision.

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses what employees and employers can – and should – expect from one another, if an employee has fertility problems or needs assisted conception.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Nickie Aiken MP (Member of Parliament for the Cities of London and Westminster)

⚫ Dr Zeynep Gurtin (Lecturer in Women's Health at University College London)

⚫ Anya Sizer (Lead for the Fertility in the Workplace initiative at Fertility Network UK)

⚫ Becky Kearns (Co-Founder of Fertility Matters at Work)

⚫ Natalie Sutherland (Partner at Burgess Mee Family Law, and Trustee at PET)

These speakers discuss various ways of addressing fertility-related challenges in the workplace, including:

⚫ The Fertility Treatment (Employment Rights) Bill that Nickie Aiken is proposing in the UK Parliament.

⚫ The Fertility Workplace Pledge, also launched by Nickie Aiken.

⚫ The Fertility in the Workplace and Fertility Matters at Work initiatives.

⚫ The In/Fertility in the City podcast.

PET is grateful to Carrot Fertility and Merck for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses proposed changes to the law governing fertility treatment and embryo research.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Peter Thompson (Chief Executive of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Venessa Smith (Quality Manager for the Assisted Conception Unit at Guy's Hospital)

⚫ Dr Rachel Gregoire (Scientific Director of the Hewitt Fertility Centre)

⚫ Dr Kay Elder (Senior Research Scientist at Bourn Hall Clinic)

⚫ James Lawford Davies (Partner at Lawford Davies & Co)

Following its consultation on proposed changes to the law, the UK's fertility regulator – the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) – is due to submit recommendations for law reform to the UK Government.

The main law that governs fertility treatment and embryo research – the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act – was originally passed in 1990, and was last given a thoroughgoing update in 2008. There are many respects in which this law fails to meet the present and prospective needs of patients, practitioners, researchers, regulators and others.

The HFEA structured its consultation around the following four themes.

⚫ Patient safety and promoting good practice (including reference to the Independent Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Review and the Women's Health Strategy for England).

⚫ Access to donor information (including reference to the impact of direct-to-consumer genetic testing on the identifiability of sperm/egg/embryo donors, and the identifiability of donor-conceived people).

⚫ Consent (including reference to situations where problems with and disagreements about consent have had to be resolved in court).

⚫ Scientific developments (including reference to regulatory 'sandboxes' as discussed by the Regulatory Horizons Council, and to the latest guidelines published by the International Society for Stem Cell Research).

This discussion begins with an overview of the consultation, presented by the Chief Executive of the HFEA. Experts and practitioners in fertility treatment, embryo research and related law then exchange ideas about how to reform the law in this area.

PET is grateful to Merck for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses proposed changes to the law governing fertility treatment and embryo research.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Gillian Black (Law Commissioner responsible for Surrogacy at the Scottish Law Commission)

⚫ Beverley Addison (Senior Solicitor at BTO Family Law)

⚫ Dr Alan Brown (Senior Lecturer in Private Law at the University of Glasgow)

⚫ Alan Inglis (Barrister and Advocate at Arnot Manderson Advocates)

Since 2017, the Scottish Law Commission and the Law Commission of England and Wales have been reviewing UK surrogacy law, developing proposals for reform and holding a public consultation on how the law might be changed.

Now, the Law Commissions have drafted a new Surrogacy Bill and presented it to Government, together with the wide-ranging report Building Families through Surrogacy: A New Law.

The proposals from the Law Commissions include:

⚫ A new pathway to parenthood which, if followed, would enable the intended parents of a child via surrogacy to acquire legal parenthood upon birth of the child (rather than having to wait for months to obtain a parental order).

⚫ Maintaining the current requirement that at least one of the intended parents must have a genetic link to the prospective child (this would preclude so-called 'double donation').

⚫ Enabling a court to make a parental order where the surrogate withdraws her consent.

⚫ Establishing a system whereby surrogacy agreements are overseen and supported by nonprofit organisations, which would themselves be regulated by the UK's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

⚫ Establishing a new Surrogacy Register, to enable surrogate-born people to access information about their origins.

⚫ Continuing the current prohibition on commercial surrogacy, while clarifying rules on payments that intended parents are – and are not – permitted to make to surrogates.

⚫ Discouraging international surrogacy arrangements in favour of domestic arrangements, while seeking to add safeguards if international arrangements are made.

This discussion begins with an overview of the Law Commissions' work, presented by the Scottish Law Commissioner responsible for surrogacy. Other legal experts then offer their perspectives on the Law Commissions' proposals.

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses proposed changes to the law governing fertility treatment and embryo research.

The discussion is chaired by Dr Helen O'Neill, with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Dame Clare Gerada (President of the Royal College of General Practitioners)

⚫ Steve McCabe MP (Member of Parliament for Birmingham Selly Oak)

⚫ Penny Mitchell (Director for Population Health Commissioning at NHS North Central London's Integrated Care Board)

⚫ Professor Melanie Davies (Professor of Reproductive Medicine at University College London)

⚫ Dr Chris Skedgel (Director of the Office of Health Economics)

⚫ Dr Catherine Hill (Interim Chief Executive of Fertility Network UK)

⚫ Sarah Norcross (Director of PET)

For 20 years, the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has recommended that the NHS should provide up to three full cycles of IVF to a woman (under 40 years of age) undergoing fertility treatment.

This recommendation has never been met consistently by NHS commissioning bodies in England. Consequently, fertility patients in England have spent the past two decades at the mercy of a 'postcode lottery'.

This situation did not improve when the NICE Fertility Guideline received its last major update in 2013. It remains to be seen whether the situation will change when a newly updated Guideline, currently under development, is published by NICE in 2024.

Meanwhile, in July 2022 the UK Government made a commitment – in its Women's Health Strategy for England – 'to greater transparency of the provision of IVF services across the country', and 'to publish data nationally on provision and availability of IVF'. As yet, these things have not happened.

Then in May 2023, PET published its report The Power of Three IVF Cycles, which distils interviews with 194 GPs and six NHS Commissioners across 40 out of 42 English commissioning areas.

This research shows that GPs have a poor understanding of the NICE Fertility Guideline, with only half of GPs able to identify the recommendation (now 20 years old) that three full cycles of NHS-funded IVF should be provided.

Furthermore, around half of GPs believe that their area meets or exceeds the NICE Guideline (even though it has been found that only around one-tenth of areas in England meet this standard), and male GPs are less likely than female GPs to refer eligible patients for IVF.

The PET research also found widespread confusion, among GPs, about the definition of a single 'full' IVF cycle. According to NICE, a full cycle incorporates all transfers to the patient's womb of viable embryos that have been created earlier in that cycle.

PET is grateful to Ferring Pharmaceuticals for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses different types of counselling that are sought, offered, recommended or required in relation to fertility treatment, gamete donation, and assisted conception more broadly.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Alison McTavish (Member of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Angela Park (Fertility Counsellor at Aberdeen Fertility Centre)

⚫ Lee Noquet (Egg Donor Coordinator at the Edinburgh Fertility Centre)

⚫ Professor Jacky Boivin (Professor of Health Psychology at Cardiff University)

Different types of counselling may be sought, offered, recommended or required in relation to assisted conception. The language around such counselling can sometimes be confusing, leading to mismatched expectations of what counselling entails and who is best placed to deliver or facilitate it.

Of particular importance are distinctions between:

⚫ Information counselling – This involves the provision of medical information. Under UK regulation, such counselling must be provided in order for a fertility patient's consent to be valid. This sort of counselling would usually be provided by a member of the medical team.

⚫ Therapeutic counselling – This involves helping a person deal with (current, future or potential) challenges, decisions, difficulties, distress or emotions. Under UK regulation, such counselling is not required in order for consent to be valid (indeed, it is an important principle that such counselling is voluntary). The content and outcome of such counselling is usually confidential.

⚫ Implications counselling – This involves the provision or clarification of information about the implications of treatment or donation, and also involves exploring these implications. This has fallen into a grey area. Who is qualified to deliver such counselling? Is such counselling necessary, in order for consent to be valid? Does it, or can it, include a therapeutic element?

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses the progress that the UK Government has made to date with its Women's Health Strategy for England.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Geeta Nargund (Co-Founder and Medical Adviser at Ginsburg Women's Health Board)

⚫ Nickie Aiken (Member of Parliament for the Cities of London and Westminster)

⚫ Isaac Barnswell (Research and Policy Officer at Stonewall)

⚫ Laura-Rose Thorogood (Founder of LGBT Mummies)

⚫ Dr Raj Mathur (Lead for Reproductive Medicine at St Mary's Hospital)

In July 2022, the UK Government published the first ever Women's Health Strategy for England.

The section of the Strategy that deals with fertility and pregnancy includes Government commitments to:

⚫ 'Work with NHS England to review and address the current geographical variation in access to NHS-funded fertility services across England to ensure all NHS fertility services are commissioned in a clinically justifiable way.'

⚫ 'Explore mechanisms to publish data nationally on provision and availability of IVF' and 'improve information provision regarding fertility over the next two years'.

⚫ 'Remove non-clinical access criteria to fertility treatment, such as one partner having a child from a previous relationship, to create more equality in access to fertility services.'

⚫ Ensure that when it comes to same-sex couples, 'there is no requirement for self-funding and the NHS treatment pathway for female same-sex couples will start with six cycles of artificial insemination, prior to accessing IVF services if necessary'.

The Government Minister responsible for the Women's Health Strategy, Maria Caulfield, said in the House of Commons in January 2023 that the Government's 'eight priorities for this year' in relation to the Strategy include 'improving and standardising access to in vitro fertilisation for same-sex couples around the country'.

In July 2023, the same Minister reaffirmed the Government's commitments, saying: 'We will improve access to IVF by removing the additional financial burden on female same-sex couples accessing treatment. We will be working with NHS England to assess fertility provision across ICBs, with a view to removing non-clinical access criteria. We will also work with stakeholders to improve information provision on fertility and fertility treatments, including on the NHS website, and introduce greater transparency of the local provision of IVF.'

This discussion asks what progress has been made with the Strategy, and what can be done to ensure that the Government honours its commitments.

PET is grateful to the British Fertility Society and Merck for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses levels of compensation for donors of sperm or eggs.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Nayla Tohme (Patient Engagement Officer at the London Egg Bank)

⚫ Hayley King (donor-conceived person, also herself a mother of twins conceived with donor sperm)

⚫ Saghar Kasiri (Director of European Operations at Cryos International)

⚫ Dr Ben Hurlbut (Associate Professor of Bioscience Ethics at Arizona State University)

What levels of compensation – financial or otherwise – should be standard, and permissible, for gamete donors? The UK's fertility regulator, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), last addressed this question in 2011.

Following a public consultation, the HFEA decided that donors could receive fixed sums of money (this had not been permitted previously), with a maximum of £35 per clinic visit for sperm donors and a maximum of £750 per cycle of donation for egg donors. The HFEA arrived at these figures after reviewing policies in 15 other European countries, taking particular inspiration from Danish policy (for sperm donor compensation) and Spanish policy (for egg donor compensation).

The maximum payments set in 2011 remain in place in the latest edition of the HFEA's Code of Practice (CoP). The CoP also permits egg sharing and sperm sharing arrangements, stating that clinics 'may offer benefits in kind, in the form of reduced-price or free licensed services (for example, fertility treatment or storage) or quicker access to those services, in return for providing eggs or sperm for the treatment of others'.

12 years on, should compensation for gamete donors be reconsidered, to take account of inflation and the cost-of-living crisis?

Importantly, those who donate gametes in the UK are only officially permitted to receive 'compensation' for their donation, as distinct from 'payment'. This distinction was originally a requirement of the European Tissues and Cells Directive of 2004, which stipulates that 'member states shall endeavour to ensure voluntary and unpaid donations of tissues and cells' and that 'donors may receive compensation, which is strictly limited to making good the expenses and inconveniences related to the donation'.

Now that the UK has left the European Union, it might be asked whether the UK is still bound by this particular requirement – and if it is, whether it should be.

PET is grateful to the Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists and the British Fertility Society for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses an imminent change that will have consequences for people involved in – and affected by – donor conception.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Rachel Cutting (Director of Compliance and Information at the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Laura Bridgens (donor-conceived person, and Director of Donor Conceived UK)

⚫ Rebekah Dundas (mother of three donor-conceived children)

⚫ Nina Barnsley (Director of the Donor Conception Network)

In October 2023, some people who were conceived from donor gametes in the UK – where the relevant sperm or eggs were donated after the UK abolition of donor anonymity came into force – will reach the age of 18.

From this point forward, a growing number of donor-conceived people will be officially entitled to ask the UK's fertility regulator – the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) – for their donor's full name, date of birth, and last known address.

The HFEA has launched a campaign to raise awareness of the changing situation, and to encourage relevant donors to ensure that they are contactable. This entails the donor providing up-to-date contact details to the clinic where they donated 18 or more years ago (if that clinic still exists), and/or providing these details to the HFEA.

In this discussion a donor-conceived person, a parent of donor-conceived children, and representatives of the HFEA and the Donor Conception Network discuss practical, personal and ethical aspects of disclosing donor information.

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses technologies and approaches that helped fertility patients and practitioners during the COVID-19 pandemic, and that are still proving useful now.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Dr Ashleigh Holt-Kentwell (Clinical Research Fellow at Aberdeen Fertility Centre)

⚫ Ciara Heatherwick (Specialist Nurse at Glasgow Royal Infirmary)

⚫ Lesley Benzie (Fertility Counsellor at Glasgow Royal Infirmary)

⚫ Alison Elliot (Fertility Counsellor at Glasgow Royal Infirmary)

⚫ George Hughes (Lead Clinical Embryologist at Ninewells Hospital's Assisted Conception Unit)

⚫ Dave Wales (Quality Manager at the Edinburgh Fertility Centre)

Fertility treatment was – like many other areas of healthcare – drastically disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, causing difficulties for patients and professionals alike.

However, the pandemic also prompted creative solutions and novel approaches, some of which are still proving useful now.

In this discussion, a cross-section of fertility professionals – a Clinical Research Fellow, a Specialist Nurse, two Fertility Counsellors, a Clinical Embryologist and a Quality Manager – discuss what has been learned from the pandemic, and the scope for further innovation.

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses whether – and in what circumstances – single people should be able to access publicly funded fertility treatment.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Dr Sarah Martins da Silva (Clinical Lead for Fertility Services at NHS Tayside)

⚫ Dr Alan Brown (Senior Lecturer in Private Law at the University of Glasgow)

⚫ Dr Catherine Jones (Lecturer at King's College London)

⚫ Professor Guido Pennings (Director, Bioethics Institute Ghent)

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses recent changes to the way the UK's fertility regulator – the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) – assesses and explains 'add-ons' to IVF treatment.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Dr Tim Child (Chair of the HFEA's Scientific and Clinical Advances Advisory Committee)

⚫ Professor Joyce Harper (Professor of Reproductive Science at University College London)

⚫ Dr Ippokratis Sarris (Director of King's Fertility)

⚫ Tracey Sainsbury (Fertility Counsellor)

⚫ Dr Tasha Alden (patient and researcher)

Add-ons are optional treatments, technologies or procedures offered alongside IVF – often at considerable expense to patients – which may not be supported by reliable evidence.

The HFEA regulates all UK fertility clinics, including those that offer add-ons, but tends to regulate the add-ons themselves only indirectly. This is because the HFEA's legal powers concern what can be done to or with gametes or embryos outside the human body, and many add-ons fall outside this scope.

The HFEA's other main role in relation to add-ons is providing information for patients and the wider public, explaining what particular add-ons entail and whether there is evidence to support their use. In 2019, the HFEA introduced a 'traffic light' ratings system, placing add-ons in one of three categories depending on the quality of evidence.

In recent months, the HFEA has overhauled its ratings system, replacing its three previous categories for add-ons with five new categories. These new categories involve criteria including the quality of evidence, the impact on treatment outcome, and concerns about safety. Anyone who thinks the regulator's list of add-ons is incomplete can propose an add-on for assessment and inclusion.

PET is grateful to the British Fertility Society for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses how best to understand and address welfare issues in the context of fertility treatment.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Abha Maheshwari (Lead Clinician at Fertility Scotland)

⚫ Ruth Phillips (Fertility Counsellor at the Edinburgh Fertility Centre)

⚫ Dr Susheel Vani (Lead Clinician at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary)

⚫ Nicole McKeith (Fertility Nurse and Nurse Sedationist at Ninewells Hospital)

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast marks the 100th birthday of the late Baroness Mary Warnock.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Felix Warnock (son of the late Baroness Mary Warnock)

⚫ Dr Duncan Wilson (Senior Lecturer at the University of Manchester)

⚫ Professor Anna Mastroianni (Professor of Bioethics and Law at Johns Hopkins University)

⚫ Baroness Ruth Deech (former Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Julia Chain (current Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

Baroness Mary Warnock (1924-2019) – philosopher and Patron of PET – led a Government committee whose 1984 report went on to shape fertility and embryo research law, both in the UK and around the world.

In this discussion, speakers including the current and former Chairs of the UK's fertility regulator – the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority – explore Baroness Warnock's life, work and legacy.

PET is grateful to CooperSurgical and the Adelphi Genetics Forum for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast marks 40 years since the announcement – in Australia – that a child had been born following egg donation for the first time.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Alan Trounson (IVF pioneer responsible for the first successful egg donation)

⚫ Professor Catherine Mills (Head of the School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies at Monash University)

⚫ Stephen Page (Director of the law firm Page Provan)

⚫ Professor Nicky Hudson (Director of the Centre for Reproduction Research at De Montfort University)

November 1983 saw the birth, in Australia, of the world's first ever child conceived with a donor egg. For the first time in human history, it became meaningful to distinguish between a child's 'genetic' and 'gestational' mother.

Both the egg donor and the egg recipient were anonymous fertility patients, treated by a team based at Monash University. Announcement of the birth was delayed until January 1984, at the egg recipient's request and also to allow time to confirm the donor's genetic contribution via testing.

The team responsible at Monash was headed by the late Professor Carl Wood (1929-2011), together with Professor Alan Trounson. They initially described the landmark as 'embryo donation', but because the donor egg was fertilised by sperm from the recipient's husband, what they achieved actually constitutes egg donation in today's terminology.

Prior to this, Professors Wood and Trounson and their colleagues had already made several pioneering contributions to the early development of IVF, working concurrently with the UK team responsible for the birth of the world's first IVF baby.

Within weeks of the January 1984 announcement, it was reported that a second child conceived with a donor egg had been born, following work by a separate team in the USA. Other examples of successful egg donation then followed.

In this discussion, Professor Alan Trounson and other experts explore the science, medicine, law and ethics of egg donation, from its beginnings more than 40 years ago to the present day and beyond.

PET is grateful to Gedeon Richter UK Ltd for supporting this discussion. Gedeon Richter had no input into the content or speaker selection.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses whether there should be limits on the number of people – worldwide – who can be created from the sperm or eggs of the same donor.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Jackson Kirkman-Brown (Chair of the Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists)

⚫ Christina Sommerlund (Business Development Manager at Born Donor Bank)

⚫ Kevin Moore (donor-conceived person, also himself a donor)

⚫ Dr Astrid Indekeu (Founder of the Support and Expertise Centre for Families by Donor Conception)

⚫ Dr Grace Halden (Co-Director of the Centre for Medical and Health Humanities at Birkbeck University of London)

PET is grateful to the Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses how to address challenges raised by 'add-ons' to IVF treatment, while taking account of the perspectives of clinics, regulators and – most crucially of all – patients.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Manuela Perrotta (Professor of Sociology of Technology and Organisation at Queen Mary University of London)

⚫ Alex Davies-Jones (Member of Parliament for Pontypridd)

⚫ Dr Rachel Gregoire (Deputy Chair of the Association of Reproductive and Clinical Scientists)

⚫ Rachel Cutting (Director of Compliance and Information at the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Kate Brian (Cofounder of the Fertility Alliance)

Add-ons are optional treatments, technologies or procedures offered alongside IVF – often at considerable expense to patients – which may not be supported by reliable evidence.

Despite several regulatory initiatives, concerns persist about the extent to which add-ons are offered and used, and about the quality of information concerning add-ons that is provided to fertility patients.

In recent months, the Building Bridges project – led by Professor Manuela Perrotta at Queen Mary University of London, in partnership with PET – has been working with clinics, regulators, patients and others, in order to:

⚫ Identify core needs, priorities and challenges faced by different groups involved in fertility care.

⚫ Develop novel and collaborative approaches to addressing these challenges, as they relate to IVF add-ons.

⚫ Propose a set of feasible solutions.

In this discussion, speakers including Professor Perrotta and also Alex Davies-Jones MP – who has proposed a Fertility Treatment (Transparency) Bill in Parliament – present the work of the Building Bridges project, and explore related issues.

PET is grateful to the Building Bridges project (part of the Remaking Fertility initiative, based at Queen Mary University of London and funded by the British Academy) for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses the use of artworks to improve understanding and advance knowledge of the causes of infertility, and of future prospects for IVF and other assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Adèle Marston (Director of the Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology)

⚫ Dr Sarah-Jane Judge (Public Engagement Manager at the Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology)

⚫ David Mola (glass artist)

⚫ Lucy Munro (Research Assistant at the Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology)

⚫ Dr Gerard Pieper (Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellow at the Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology)

⚫ Dr Muriel Erent (Laboratory Manager at Warwick Medical School)

⚫ Aleksandra Byrska (PhD researcher at Warwick Medical School)

⚫ Dr Cerys Currie (Postdoctoral Researcher at Warwick Medical School)

⚫ Professor Geraldine Hartshorne (Scientific Director of the Coventry Centre for Reproductive Medicine)

⚫ Robyn Kerr (poet and hotel manager)

How might creation of and engagement with artworks help patients, scientists and artists to communicate with one another, and develop new insights into fertility? The project New Horizons in Fertility Research has been exploring this question in relation to egg cells and early human embryos.

Bespoke artworks created as part of the project are being used to help patients in Edinburgh and Coventry understand, and visualise, aspects of (in)fertility and related research.

Meanwhile, scientists and researchers are seeking to improve their understanding of patient views and experiences – and to find new perspectives on research questions – by developing and discussing artworks as part of this project.

In this discussion, various people involved in the project – including junior and senior researchers, a glass artist, and a laboratory manager – discuss their work and what they have learned, and consider future possibilities.

PET is grateful to New Horizons in Fertility Research (a project based at the University of Edinburgh's Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology and at the University of Warwick, supported by a ScotPEN Wellcome Engagement Award) for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses the Generation Study – an NHS-embedded research study which is sequencing the whole genomes of 100,000 newborn babies, in order to understand whether we can improve our ability to diagnose and treat genetic conditions.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Amanda Pichini (Clinical Director at Genomics England)

⚫ Phern Adams (Project Manager for the Generation Study at Birmingham Women's Hospital)

⚫ Dr Chinthika Piyasena (Principal Investigator for the Newborn Genomes Programme for Evelina London)

⚫ Dr Robin Lachmann (Consultant in Inherited Metabolic Disease at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery)

The Generation Study involves babies born in various hospitals in England. Results of the study will help inform future decisions about using whole genome sequencing to support newborn screening.

In this discussion, experts and practitioners explain how the Generation Study is being implemented, and the benefits and risks that may be involved.

PET is grateful to Genomics England and its Newborn Genomes Programme for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast marks 10 years since the first live birth following a uterus transplant.

Contributors to the podcast include the leader of the medical team responsible for that achievement, and also the pioneers who were responsible for the first uterus transplant in the UK.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Mats Brännström (Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University of Gothenburg)

⚫ Professor J Richard Smith (Professor of Practice at Imperial College London)

⚫ Isabel Quiroga (Consultant Transplant and Endocrine Surgeon at the Oxford Transplant Centre)

⚫ Eleanor Findlater (patient and Adviser to Womb Transplant UK)

⚫ Dr Natasha Hammond-Browning (Senior Lecturer in Law at Cardiff University)

PET is grateful to Create Health Foundation and Merck for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses access to and funding for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), specifically in relation to monogenic conditions (PGT-M) and chromosomal structural rearrangements (PGT-SR).

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Charlotte Tomlinson (Clinical Genetics PGT Lead at Guy's Hospital)

⚫ Dr Melanie Nana (Clinical Research Fellow at King's College London)

⚫ Professor Frances Flinter (Trustee at PET and Member of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority)

⚫ Nick Meade (Director of Policy at Genetic Alliance UK)

⚫ Diana Perry (founder and Chief Executive of the Ectodermal Dysplasia Society)

PGT-M and PGT-SR both involve testing and selecting IVF embryos, in order to avoid – or reduce the risk of – genetic conditions that could jeopardise a pregnancy or affect the health of a future child.

This podcast explains and explores:

⚫ What PGT can – and should – be used for.

⚫ Why it can be difficult for some patients to access PGT.

⚫ What might be done to remove barriers to access.

PET is grateful to the D'Oyly Carte Charitable Trust for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses how to improve access to – and quality of – fertility treatment for LGBTQ+ people, families and communities.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Dr Carole Gilling-Smith (founder, Medical Director and Chief Executive of the Agora Clinic)

⚫ Professor Nick Macklon (Medical Director of the London Women's Clinic)

⚫ Nancy Kelley (Executive Director of DIVA magazine)

⚫ Laura-Rose Thorogood (founder of LGBT Mummies)

⚫ Dr Marcin Śmietana (Research Fellow at Ca' Foscari University of Venice)

⚫ Jacob Stokoe (founder of Transparent Change)

⚫ Natalie Gamble (Director of NGA Law)

PET is grateful to Merck and Born Donor Bank for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.

This episode of the Progress Educational Trust (PET) podcast discusses lessons for the fertility sector from the UK's infected blood scandal, and from the subsequent Infected Blood Inquiry.

The discussion is chaired by Sarah Norcross (Director of PET), with contributions from:

⚫ Professor Abha Maheshwari (Lead Clinician at Fertility Scotland)

⚫ Professor Marc Turner (Director of the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service)

⚫ Professor Emma Cave (Member of the Medical Ethics Expert Group at the Infected Blood Inquiry)

⚫ Professor Bobbie Farsides (Member of the Medical Ethics Expert Group at the Infected Blood Inquiry)

The UK's infected blood scandal is widely regarded as one of the country's worst ever treatment disasters. Between the 1970s and the 1990s, tens of thousands of people in the UK were infected – predominantly with HIV and Hepatitis C, in some instances with other infections including Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D – as a result of being given blood, or blood products or other tissue, that was contaminated.

Most of the infections were contracted either from blood transfusions (in circumstances including childbirth, surgery and treatment for injury) or from treatments for bleeding disorders (such as haemophilia). More than 3,000 deaths have been attributed to these infections, and it has been reported that as many as 140,000 relatives of people infected could seek compensation under new laws.

In this podcast, experts in assisted conception and in blood and tissue donation – plus members of the Medical Ethics Expert Group appointed to advise the Infected Blood Inquiry – explore what the fertility sector might learn from the infected blood scandal, from the Infected Blood Inquiry's final report and from the accompanying report focusing on medical ethics.

PET is grateful to the Scottish Government for supporting this discussion.

PET is also grateful to Jon Nicoll, who created the opening and closing music for its podcast.

Register at https://www.progress.org.uk/events/upcoming-events/ for upcoming PET events.