Reviewer 2 does geoengineering (Andrew Lockley)

Robert was too lazy to to write a paper, but his blog got quite a lot of attention, so we let him on. Blog: What is the value of temporary carbon removal? https://roberthoglund.medium.com/is-there-value-in-temporary-carbon-removal-84aa69a7c428

Could SRM trigger a catastrophe that kills billions? Aaron Tang @aawktang and Gideon Futerman @GFuterman treat this subject with the seriousness you'd expect from Reviewer 2, as they giggle their way through the episode like a couple of tipsy, potty-mouthed schoolgirls. Paper https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.720312 Other links: https://theprecipice.com/ https://whatweowethefuture.com/uk/ https://www.amazon.co.uk/Collapse-Complex-Societies-Studies-Archaeology/dp/052138673X

Andreas Hein entertains @geoengineering1 with more barmy space-based geoengineering nonsense. Expect moon dust, rail guns, space junk, cube sats and all sorts of other semi-relevant distractions. Paper: Transparent occulters: A nearly zero-radiation pressure sunshade to support climate change mitigation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.12.006

Want to know *exactly* how Pinatubo affected ozone? After a marathon 6h edit, @geoengineering1 has finally managed to get this Yifeng Peng interview sounding OK. Paper: Perturbation of Tropical Stratospheric Ozone Through Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemistry Due To Pinatubo https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103773

The actual Reviewer 2 Jesse Reynolds becomes our Reviewer 2 and interviews Daniel Heyen on his coalition formation paper. "Solar geoengineering governance: a dynamic framework of farsighted coalition formation" https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfclm/kgab010

Jesse Reynolds shows how many SRM papers overestimate risks and underestimate benefits. Paper: "Communication of Solar Geoengineering Science: Forms, Examples, and Explanation of Skewing" https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20530196221095569 More papers are at https://jreynolds.org/

David McEvoy discusses expert opinions on SRM. What do they think, and how do we know? The strategic and governance implications of solar radiation modification: perspectives from delegates of international climate negotiations Todd L Cherry et al 2025 Environ. Res. Lett. 20 014053 DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/ad9d62

Garrett Boudinot (@FGBoudinot) of @vycarb schools @geoengineering1 on the challenges and opportunities of deploying ERW in Africa and India. Paper: "Enhanced Rock Weathering in the Global South: Exploring Potential for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity and Carbon dioxide Drawdown" https://precisiondev.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/IGSDPxD-ERW-Enhanced-Rock-Weathering-in-the-Global-South-26-02-23.pdf Other episodes relevant to this subject and discussed in the podcast are: Undo https://open.spotify.com/episode/5nrnPnP2vMZTPUmqlXUuwv?si=h2MwlPn3SqmCelAj8PT3Ig Vorrath (not discussed) https://open.spotify.com/episode/258H57AQpQD7hHSu1dPs5S?si=vm0aRtV6TX2kAT03Ulqwnw Smet (not discussed) https://open.spotify.com/episode/4gwhOQKQ7y3NwXmemvjDYH?si=-UHAsPNPSXuigE6Y9lahAg Tan https://open.spotify.com/episode/4WXebpjus1w7hvhyRcDkuH?si=gpZnwUZNT1-sDYrgzxap-g Wood (not discussed) https://open.spotify.com/episode/3y7DOabwoXwvmEDB3waNIZ?si=k7IC1qUySr6qIdNvUugHSQ Vicca (not discussed) https://open.spotify.com/episode/1Szp1892e4EEjdOXhtS1p2?si=lZSzXFZ2RheOCJO-91_fUw Rinder https://open.spotify.com/episode/5ZBTd1Fov5BWAy8Op5wUgx?si=S495DIKWSo-xlirtjsVhsg

Joshua Schwarz explains how dispersing ice nucleating particles in one tiny region of the tropical tropopause layer off Northern Australia can address around 1pc of global warming. He also discusses his involvement in the SABRE stratospheric flights. Paper: Considering intentional stratospheric dehydration for climate benefits DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0593 Other papers discussed Pyrocumulonimbus affect average stratospheric aerosol composition J. M. KATICH DOI: 10.1126/science.add3101 Marine-cloud brightening: an airborne concept Christian Claudel, Andrew John Lockley, Fabian Hoffmann and Younan Xia DOI 10.1088/2515-7620/ad2f71

Maria-Elena Vorrath discusses the Pymiccs project, combining enhanced weathering and biochar https://cdrterra.de/en/consortia/pymiccs

Peter Fiekowsky and @geoengineering1 discuss Iron Salt Aerosols. Do they work (in 14 different ways)? How can we know? Is Peter's new voluntary regulation body bona fide, or hopelessly compromised? Reviewer 2 asks all the important questions, but doesn't necessarily get definitive answers.

Benjamin Hofbauer discusses 3 papers from his PhD, on the ethics of Solar geoengineering. Hofbauer, B. (2023). Systemic risks and solar climate engineering research. Integrating technology ethics into the governance of systemic risks. Journal of Risk Research, 26(12), 1383–1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2023.2288010 Hofbauer, B. (2023). Normative Uncertainty in Solar Climate Engineering Research Governance. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2023.2216148 Benjamin Hofbauer. Techno-moral change through solar geoengineering: How geoengineering challenges sustainability. Prometheus. 2022. Vol. 38(1). DOI: 10.13169/prometheus.38.1.0082

Thank you for your comments. We have shortened and edited the episode. It is packed with news and commentary, some of the articles are below, not all fit under the word count for the podcast description. Please continue with the feedback. 

Possible climate transitions from breakup of stratocumulus decks under greenhouse warming Nature Geoscience volume 12, pages163–167(2019) https://t.co/L9riE6fgEE?amp=1

 @JesseLReynolds Is solar geoengineering ungovernable? A critical assessment of governance challenges identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

First published: 11 November 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.690

 David Keith tweet

Cool new paper from Tapio Schneider. If SRM interacts with convection in unexpected ways then agreement in GeoMIP models just encourages overconfidence

Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong warming from direct effects of CO2 on stratocumulus cloud cover. PNAS first published November 16, 2020; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003730117

 @CEMEX and Synhelion talked with @GlobalCement

Magazine about how they want to replace fossil fuels with #solar heat in cement plants. 

Read pages 26-28: https://globalcement.com/magazine/back-issues/dec-2020

https://solarpaces.org/cemex-and-synhelion-to-demo-zero-co2-cement/… 

 SRMGI/DECIMALS, which supports solar geo research in developing countries. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abbf13…

 JensFriis Lund tweet

I'm in good scholarly company here criticizing Shell's offsetting scheme “Worse than doing nothing”: Shell’s REDD offsets in Indonesia and Peru https://redd-monitor.org/2020/11/19/worse-than-doing-nothing-shells-redd-offsets-in-indonesia-and-peru/

 "Right now the entities best poised to do this are fossil fuel companies,” @hollyjeanbuck says, "Do we allow them to reconfigure themselves as carbon removal companies – or would that evade reparative and corrective justice?” https://vice.com/en/article/akdvy4/carbon-capture-storage-oil-companies-profit… via @vice

Oil Companies Want to Get Even Richer Sucking Their Own Emissions Out of the Air

Mark Carney oversees blueprint for scaling up carbon market as offset demand soars https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/11/10/mark-carney-oversees-blueprint-scaling-carbon-market-offset-demand-soars/

https://conserwater.com Using our AIs, we are launching the world's first international soil carbon market where corporations, governments and individuals can pay to offset their carbon dioxide emissions, and farmers can get paid to increase their soil carbon levels. Sign up today to fight climate change! 

 

INEA tweet (Innovation and networks executive agency EU)

Read all about the groundbreaking 

@CarbFix agreements against #climatechange with @Climeworks

& #ONpower to significantly scale-up carbon removal & storage in #Iceland. Article

 https://europa.eu/!CF74DQ Project https://europa.eu/!bR47nP

 D'Maris Coffman tweet/Andrew Lockley paper 

State commissioning of Solar Radiation Management geoengineering https://tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21550085.2020.1848176#.X7u4G-bp2qM.twitter… 

Published: 06 October 2020

Assessing Carbon Capture: Public Policy, Science, and Societal Need. A Review of the Literature on Industrial Carbon Removal June Sekera & Andreas Lichtenberger Biophysical Economics and Sustainability volume 5, Article number: 14 (2020) Cite this article

A wide range of interesting things this week - most of the links are below. Please send any comments and ideas to reviewer2geo@gmail.com or tweet us @reviewer2geo or me Clare @clare_nomad_geo or @geoengineering1 

Intervention in the Earth's systems: Geoengineering

https://diplomacy21-adelphi.wilsoncenter.org/geoengineering-intervention-atmosphere

A report by Delphi and the Wilson centre with essays on solar geoengineering from Simon Nicholson https://twitter.com/simonnicholson4 and Oliver Morton https://twitter.com/Eaterofsun

Oliver Morton Article https://diplomacy21-adelphi.wilsoncenter.org/article/geopolitical-challenges-geoengineering-and-geoengineerings-challenge-geopolitics

"Foreign Policy IS Climate Policy" https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/21st_century_diplomacy_report_spread.pdf

Scientists are exploring ways to use mineral waste from mines to pull huge amounts of carbon dioxide out of the air.

https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/06/1009374/asbestos-could-be-a-powerful-weapon-against-climate-change-you-read-that-right/

CO2 Sequestration in Mine Tailings

https://www.mdru.ubc.ca/projects/co2-sequestration/

Eruptions & Emissions cause changes in ocean carbon sinks

A new model explains why the ocean’s capacity to take up carbon was reduced on a decadal scale, by accounting for reduced pCO2 emissions and ocean state changes due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo.

https://eos.org/editor-highlights/eruption-and-emissions-take-credit-for-ocean-carbon-sink-changes#.X3yG88CrTDY.twitter

Using CaO- and MgO-rich Industrial Waste Streams for Carbon Sequestration Joshuah Stolaroff, Gregory Lowry, and David Keith. 2005. “Using CaO- and MgO-rich Industrial Waste Streams for Carbon Sequestration.” Energy Conversion and Management, 46, Pp. 687-699. -David keith commenting that theya re worth pursuing but not huge

Unnatural climate solutions? Nature Climate Change volume 10, pages98–99(2020)

Rob Bellamy on why the hype around ‘natural’ climate solutions threatens us all. His new paper is with Shannon Osaka.  Abstract: Framing solutions to climate change as natural strongly influences their acceptability, but what constitutes a ‘natural’ climate solution is selected, not self-evident. We suggest that the current, narrow formulation of natural climate solutions risks constraining what are thought of as desirable policy options. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0661-z

Can lighting up tropical forests at night store carbon in a practical way? Gao discusses the possibility and its challenges with @geoengineering1 https://esd.copernicus.org/preprints/esd-2021-85/

This episode has it all: Slippery slopes; Santa; Nazis; luxury beliefs; Henry Ford; Putin; cattle raids; and apostrophes. Nearly 2h of tangents and squabbles make this episode our longest and maybe the most on-brand ever. Paper reference: Individual difference in slippery slope beliefs predict outgroup negativity - Levi Adelman, et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104141

Juliet Kirby explains how gentoo.earth uses AI to match carbon removal buyers and sellers. Despite @geoengineering1 trying his best to wind her up for lulz, she doesn't break character. NB this isn't paid promotion; gentoo hasn't sponsored this episode. No penguins (gentoo or otherwise) were harmed in the making of this episode.

Benjamin Sovacool gives @geoengineering1 a bad case of imposter syndrome, with his monster opinion survey of expert views. Papers discussed: Climate protection or privilege? A whole systems justice milieu of twenty negative emissions and solar geoengineering technologies https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629822001160 Risk–risk governance in a low-carbon future: Exploring institutional, technological, and behavioral tradeoffs in climate geoengineering pathways tradeoffs https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/risa.13932  

Aaron Cooper @AMCooper86 and Gideon Futerman @GFuterman discuss the International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering letter from https://www.solargeoeng.org/ @SolarGeoeng

Jakob Rønning, Title: "Alkaline minerals as a tool to mitigate ocean acidification and facilitate CO2 from the atmosphere". Conclusion: "olivine and dolomite are most promising candidates for OAE, while limestone has the opposite effect on seawater chemistry. Therefore be cautious with limestone". University of Southern Denmark, Biology, Nordcee

Are you allowed to throw alkaline minerals into the sea? Ashwin Murthy explains how to do Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, without ending up in jail. Ashwin Murthy, Korey Silverman-Roati & Romany M. Webb, State Authority to Regulate Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, Columbia Law School, December 2024 (2024). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/sabin_climate_change/237

Ross is the Executive Director of the Planetary Sunshade Foundation, organizing research on space-based geoengineering. https://planetarysunshade.org

Andrew gets thoroughly confused, as Thomas Aubry discusses how volcanoes might change in a warmer world. Three papers discussed: https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/305/2016/ https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/20/eabe3416 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18352-5 Dr. Thomas J. Aubry Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellow - Department of Geography, University of Cambridge Research Fellow - Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge https://sites.google.com/view/thomasjaubry/ Google Scholar https://twitter.com/ThomasJAubry

Hello and we hope you enjoy this week's edition of the podcast. We really want your feedback and ideas for the show, and please tell your friends and colleagues how useful and entertaining the podcast is as we would like to have as wide an audience as possible ! If you have a new paper that you would like to discuss, or any comments or suggestions:

Please contact us on twitter @reviewer2geo or @geoengineering1 (Andrew) or @clare_nomad_geo (Clare) 

Here are links for most of the headline items we chat about this week. 

International renewable energy agency. 

IRENA (2020), A summary of Reaching zero with renewables: Eliminating CO2 emissions from industry and transport in line with the 1.5 oC climate goal, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.  

https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2020/Sep/IRENA_ReachingZero_Summary_2020.pdf?la=en&hash=7FD100C3C26E161D6C1217B88C1FB7E847D7F08F

 

The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Nature volume 585, pages538–544(2020)

Pale Blue Dot Energy and Carbon Engineering create partnership to deploy Direct Air Capture in the UK

https://theacornproject.uk/2020/09/04/hydrogen-in-scotland-the-role-of-acorn-hydrogen-in-enabling-net-zero/ 

 

BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP -Think small to unlock carbon capture’s big potential 

 https://www.bcg.com/publications/2020/unlocking-carbon-captures-potential

E-FUELS IN AVIATION

https://climeworkscom.cdn.prismic.io/climeworkscom/2a98e4e8-6d4d-4509-91cb-27c5374813b1_Building+a+Truly+Sustainable+Aviation+Industry+-+Accenture+Point+of+View.pdf. Accenture report 

 

MCKINSEY DOES GEOENGINEERING 

https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/driving-co2-emissions-to-zero-and-beyond-with-carbon-capture-use-and-storage#

Norway funds world’s first full-scale carbon capture and storage project

Michelle Lewis

- Sep. 21st 2020 6:27 pm ET

https://electrek.co/2020/09/21/norway-world-first-carbon-capture-storage-project/

https://twitter.com/greenSandco2 OLIVINE CARBON CAPTURE 'GREENSAND'

ALSO SEE https://projectvesta.org Capturing a trillion tonnes of excess CO2 in rock using the power of natural wave energy

THE OXFORD PRINCIPLES FOR NET ZERO ALIGNED CARBON OFFSETTING 

 https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/publications/reports/Oxford-Offsetting-Principles-2020.pdf

 

FOREST / RESTORATION

LatamList – Pachama, a carbon-offsetting marketplace, secured an additional $5M extension to its Seed round from multiple investors to fight deforestation. The round included investors such as Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Amazon Climate Pledge Fund, Aglaé Ventures, AirAngels, and, My Climate Journey.

https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/news/commission-under-fire-for-including-carbon-sinks-into-eu-climate-goals/

 

ALCOHOL 

https://t.co/HmUp2utZvD?amp=1 world's first carbon negative beer - Brewdog 

https://t.co/esUW8omn1c?amp=1 Based out of Brooklyn, Air Co. is making vodka using only air, water and renewable electricity. 

Liam Bullock talks about his Horizon-funded work on slags, tailings and overburden. How can these different wastes be used for CO2 removal? International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control Volume 129, October 2023, 103990 Experimental investigation of multiple industrial wastes for carbon dioxide removal strategies https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103990

How do you compare biochar to DAC, or afforestation to enhanced weathering? Plug all the details into Solene Chiquier's galaxy brain, that's how. She's like the Oracle of Delphi (but much less weird). The podcast's paper: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/ee/d2ee01021f A comparative analysis of the efficiency, timing, and permanence of CO 2 removal pathways. Other useful links: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/YA/D2YA00108J CO2 removal and 1.5 °C: what, when, where, and how? - Energy Advances (RSC Publishing) - Royal Society of Chemistry ; Her thesis: https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/100826 A book chapter on her AR framework: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/chapter/bk9781839161995-00244/978-1-83916-199-5

Moritz Günther tries valiantly to get @geoengineering1 to understand the atmospheric dynamics of SAI's impacts on the warm pool, but it's rather like watching him trying to train a baboon to use Photoshop - there's some engagement, and the occasional flash of comprehension before it all gets too much for him. NB this is the FIXED version - the original had a couple of important errors of sign from Günther. If you've listen to the old version, pls see this important author note "the part where I say it's destabilising... should actually be stabilising... roughly at 1:10:30 - 1:11:00. The part where I say we would need less aerosol if the Brewer-Dobson circulation mechanism exists but we would actually need more is around 1:21:30 - 1:22:00." (timestamps from old episode) And BTW, props to him for a) checking b) fessing up. Science progresses one correction at a time. Günther, M., Schmidt, H., Timmreck, C., and Toohey, M.: Why does stratospheric aerosol forcing strongly cool the warm pool?, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-429, 2024.

Xavier Dupla discusses heavy metal contamination of soil and water, following enhanced weathering soil treatment. How much is too much? And what can we have to to clean up toxic residues? Citation: Dupla, X., Möller, B., Baveye, P.C. and Grand, S. (2023), Potential accumulation of toxic trace elements in soils during enhanced rock weathering. Eur J Soil Sci. Accepted Author Manuscript e13343. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13343

Roll up! Roll up! Grab your buckets, and get ready to do a science! Bach is back (again) to discuss institutional collaboration and citizen science in OAE. Bach, L. T., Ferderer, A. J., LaRoche, J., and Schulz, K. G.: Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP), EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-692, 2024 Identifying the Most (Cost-)Efficient Regions for CO2 Removal With Iron Fertilization in the Southern Ocean Lennart T. Bach, Veronica Tamsitt, Kimberlee Baldry, Jeffrey McGee, Emmanuel C. Laurenceau-Cornec, Robert F. Strzepek, Yinghuan Xie, Philip W. Boyd First published: 16 November 2023 https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007754

Pengfei Yu is a co-author in this ground breaking paper titled "Toward practical stratospheric aerosol albedo modification: Solar-powered lofting" 

https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/20/eabe3416/tab-article-info provides links to the article and all author information. 

Nan Wang explains why bigger CCS projects are more likely to fail. "What went wrong? Learning from three decades of carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) pilot and demonstration projects" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112546

Can one governance system rule all technologies? Gabriel Weil defends his universal framework in the face of an absolute onslaught from @geoengineering1. Main paper Global Climate Governance in 3D: Mainstreaming Geoengineering within a Unified Framework University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 81, No. 3, (2022) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3837950_code1648032.pdf?abstractid=3788661&type=2 Other works discussed. The Carbon Price Equivalent: A Metric for Comparing Climate Change Mitigation Efforts Across Jurisdictions, 125 Dick. L. Rev. 475 (2021): https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlr/vol125/iss2/4/#:~:text=The%20carbon%20price%20equivalent%20can,aggregate%20emissions%20over%20some%20period. Individual Preferences in Policy Analysis: A Normative Framework 50 Tᴇx. Eɴᴠᴛʟ. L.J. 55 (2020): https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3424332 Mitigating Climate Change Through Transportation and Land Use Policy, 49 Eɴᴠᴛʟ. L. Rᴇᴘ. 10473 (2019, with Alejandro E. Camacho, Melissa L. Kelly, & Nicholas J. Marantz): https://www.law.uci.edu/centers/cleanr/news-pdfs/transportation-climate-change-report-elr.pdf Incentive Compatible Climate Change Mitigation: Moving Beyond the Pledge and Review Model, 42 Wᴍ. & Mᴀʀʏ Eɴᴠᴛʟ. L. & Pᴏʟ'ʏ Rᴇᴠ. 923 (2018): https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1714&context=wmelpr Subnational Climate Mitigation Policy: A Framework for Analysis, 23 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 285 (2012): https://www.colorado.edu/law/sites/default/files/WEIL%20_corrected_.pdf Costs, Contributions, and Climate Change: How Important Are Universal Emissions Commitments?, 23 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 321 (2011): https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/gintenlr23&div=13&id=&page=&t=1558026170

How can you make a sunshade stay in place? How can you make it beam down solar power to Earth? @geoengineering1 finds out from Tharshan Maheswaran. Paper - International planetary sunshade concept with a function-integrated and scalable support structure based on coreless filament winding DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012113

Reviewer 2 and Walker Lee get into the guts of this paper in a lively discussion. Walker's research breaks new ground in stratospheric aerosol geoengineering, raising interesting questions about a more refined technique that potentially creates surprising socio-economic effects.  The paper is in review, full citation is:

Lee, W., MacMartin, D., Visioni, D., and Kravitz, B.: Expanding the Design Space of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering to Include Precipitation-Based Objectives and Explore Trade-offs, Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2020-58, in review, 2020

As always comments and suggestions are welcome @geoengineering1 and clare_nomad_geo

(reissue of this previously released episode for technical reasons)

Cameron Wood shows experimentally how phosphate fertilizers catalyse silicate weathering, but the lack of a techno-economic analysis (TEA) leaves @geoengineering1 with questions. Paper: Impacts of dissolved phosphorus and soil-mineral-fluid interactions on CO2 removal through enhanced weathering of wollastonite in soils https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0883292722003158

Alec Feinberg compares SAI with surface albedo modification, CDR, and space mirrors. In a rare moment of clarity, @geoengineering1 notices he isn't keeping up. Paper 1: Solar Geoengineering to Stop Annual Global Warming. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369034073_Solar_Geoengineering_to_Stop_Annual_Global_Warming Paper 2 Solar Geoengineering Modeling and Applications for Mitigating Global Warming: Assessing Key Parameters and the Urban Heat Island Influence, Frontiers in Climate, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.870071 Additional paper discussed Feinberg, Alec. 2023. "Urbanization Heat Flux Modeling Confirms It Is a Likely Cause of Significant Global Warming: Urbanization Mitigation Requirements" Land 12, no. 6: 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061222 Feinberg,Alec. Annual Solar Geoengineering: Mitigating Yearly Global Warming Increases. Climate 2024, 12, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12020026

Gernot Wagner talks about genocide, death threats, and the corruption of academia. He's not a man you want to mess with. So, when he tries to sell you his book, you're going to do exactly as you're told. Understand?

Kai Jeggle explains to @geoengineering1 how off-target effects of cirrus cloud thinning mean that it can never be used effectively. Paper; Jeggle, K., Neubauer, D., Binder, H., and Lohmann, U.: Cirrus formation regimes – Data driven identification and quantification of mineral dust effect, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2559, 2024.

The fantastic @eaterofsun AKA Oliver Morton author of many books and articles including

-The Moon: A History for the Future

-The Planet remade: How Geoengineering could change the world

Oliver chats to Andrew about geoengineering, terra forming and the moon amongst other things. A fascinating podcast and thank you Oliver for coming on the show! 

Comments and suggestions as usual to @reviewer2geo or @geoengineering1 or @clare_nomad_geo

How do ratings agencies work? How can you get into the lucrative and rewarding commercial CDR sector? Victoria Harvey from BeZero makes @geoengineering1 jealous with her meteoric career ascent. NB some technical gremlins ruined @geoengineering1's audio quality after about 30m. We don't know why. Sorry! Check out Be Zero's jobs. https://bezerocarbon.teamtailor.com/jobs Read the CDR scaling report https://bezerocarbon.com/insights/carbon-removal-scalability-assessment-summary-report/ Meet Victoria at Carbon Unbound https://www.carbonunbound.com/

Does the carbon footprint of Direct Air Capture negate its environmental benefits? Balint Simon discusses his paper, "Material flows and Embodied Energy of Direct Air Capture". This episode was presented by (genuine expert) guest Reviewer 2 Matteo Gazzani, who even seemed to have read the paper! 10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-bpg5d

Two guests (with extremely complicated names) discuss the ludicrousest, amazingest paper we've ever had on the show. Yes, they're seriously asking: can we use spider's silk to make giant diffraction gratings for use in space? Amira Omer Mohamed Ahmed Salim Karlsson and Johanna D'Ciofalo Khodaverdian's bachelors' thesis is available at https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1780558&dswid=-248 They were joined by their supervisor Christer Fuglesang, to make sure Reviewer 2 wasn't too mean to them.

Fabrice Lambert discusses the role of natural ocean iron fertilization in glacial periods, and what this means for artificial OIF today. Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X20306191 "Regional patterns and temporal evolution of ocean iron fertilization and CO2 drawdown during the last glacial termination"

In this spooky Halloween episode, @geoengineering1 and Ken Buesseler investigate alleged sightings of Ocean Iron Fertilisation - which is rumoured to have risen from its unquiet grave. Paper: Next steps for assessing ocean iron fertilization for marine carbon dioxide removal. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/climate/articles/10.3389/fclim.2024.1430957

We hope you enjoy this fascinating discussion. 

Comments and suggestions to @reviewer2geo or Andrew @geoengineering1 or Clare @clare_nomad_geo

We're back, after an extended period of laziness! Lauren schools us on modelling and emulating Volcanic Climate Impacts. Paper: Unknown Eruption Source Parameters Cause Large Uncertainty in Historical Volcanic Radiative Forcing Reconstructions Lauren R. Marshall et al https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD033578

Lennart Bach returns to discuss his modelling paper on ocean / atmosphere exchange of CO2 with @geoengineering1. Also included is enlightening discussion on getting drunk on expensive beer, whether Tasmania is any good, and if 6 peer reviewers really is enough. Paper: 'Identifying the most (cost-)efficient regions for CO2 removal with Iron Fertilization in the Southern Ocean" (https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/essoar.167979670.07996683).

Discussing her current paper, Clarissa Kroll talks to Andrew about the impact of volcanic eruptions on stratospheric water vapour in the tropics. 

Her paper is currently in review at ACP : https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1191/

Kroll, C. A., Dacie, S., Azoulay, A., Schmidt, H., and Timmreck, C.: The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions of Different Magnitude on Stratospheric Water Vapour in the Tropics, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1191, in review, 2020.

Can natural ocean processes help us understand how ocean CDR might work? Discussion of "Seeking natural analogs to fast-forward the assessment of marine CO2 removal " with Lennart Bach and @geoengineering1 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106147118

Could crop albedo modification reduce regional warming over Australia? Weather and Climate Extremes Volume 30, December 2020, 100282, Jatin Kala, Annette L.Hirsch https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094719302385

What are the social and political barriers to scaling CDR? Symons and @geoengineering1 discuss first-movers and a public goods framing. They then consider obstructions to progress: carbon accounting, climate justice, tech investment, and financial incentives. Paper: - The international politics of carbon dioxide removal: pathways to cooperative global governance. Bryan Maher, Jonathan Symons. https://research-management.mq.edu.au/admin/files/178643624/GEP_Maher_Symons_Accepted_Version_GEP.pdf 

Tara Righetti discusses her book chapter on enhanced oil recovery and how it can become part of a low carbon future. This chapter is at https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-72372-9_9

Bala continues his discussion with an interesting exploration of the challenges of integrating the global South into research and negotiations on geoengineering

Will tech billionaires and their fan clubs change the climate for a hobby? All the paper's authors come to trade blows with Reviewer 2 (except David Morrow, because reasons). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328721001208 Reflections on a hypothetical decentralized grassroots deployment solar geoengineering scenario Anne Pasek, David Morrow, Walker Lee, Tyler Felgenhauer

Tim Cadman's details are: 

Griffith: https://experts.griffith.edu.au/9679-timothy-cadman

LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tim-cadman-50913917

ResearchGate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Cadman

Orcid ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-5018

Here is the most relevant publication:

Radunsky, K. and Cadman, T., 2019. Governing the Sun: The Challenges of Geoengineering. The International Journal of Social Quality, 9(2), pp.19-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2019.090203

Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems

2016-12-01 | book

DOI: 10.4324/9781315442365ISBN: 9781315442365

The Political Economy of Sustainable Development 2015 | book

DOI: 10.4337/9781783474844

Quality and Legitimacy of Global Governance: Case Lessons from Forestry

2011 | book

DOI: 10.1057/9780230306462

Representing Whose Access and Allocation Interests? Stakeholder Perceptions and Interests Representation in Climate Governance

Transformative Climates and Accountable Governance

2019 | book-chapter

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97400-2_10Part of ISBN: 9783319973999Part of ISBN: 9783319974002Part of ISSN: 2523-8183Part of ISSN: 2523-8191

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary International Political Economy

2019 | book-chapter

Incentives and Disincentives for Reducing Emissions under REDD+ in Indonesia

Pathways to a Sustainable Economy

2018 | book-chapter

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67702-6_11Part of ISBN: 9783319677019Part of ISBN: 9783319677026

Stakeholder Perceptions of the Implementation Capacity of the Climate Change Regime

The Implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change

2018 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9781315212470

Afterword: The long road to Paris: Insider and outsider perspectives

Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems

2017 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9781315442365

Governance Values and Institutional Integrity

Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems

2017 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: 10.4324/9781315442365

Introduction: Governing the climate change regime

Governing the Climate Change Regime: Institutional Integrity and Integrity Systems

2017 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9781315442365

A comprehensive framework for evaluating the integrity of the climate regime complex

Ethical values and the integrity of the climate change regime

2015 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9781315580302

Stakeholder perspectives on the integrity of the climate regime

Ethical values and the integrity of the climate change regime

2015 | book-chapter

Part of DOI: doi.org/10.4324/9781315580302

Derek Lemoine and reviewer 2 have a lively discussion of market mechanisms and negative emissions, in particular discussing Derek's upcoming paper "Incentivising Negative Emissions Through Carbon Shares" available at https://www.nber.org/papers/w27880. 

 A free version of this and other work is available at https://www.dereklemoine.com/

We would love to hear your comments and suggestions @reviewer2geo or directly to Andrew @geoengineering1 or Clare clare_nomad_geo If you have a pet topic or any ideas for the podcast please get in touch. We will be launching a website soon also! 

Today Andrew talks to Daniele Visioni about his new paper on the Reduced Poleward Transport Due to Stratospheric Heating Under Stratospheric Aerosols Geoengineering. The paper is available at https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089470

Comments on twitter are welcome @geoengineering1 and @clare_nomad_geo

Eelco Rohling debunks some common myths about marine CDR. Paper: Marine methods for carbon dioxide removal: fundamentals and myth-busting for the wider community https://academic.oup.com/oocc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/oxfclm/kgad004/7135823?login=false

Henning Franke is at the Max-Planck Institute researching the quasi-biennial oscillation in a warming climate. His paper with additional authors Ulrike Neimeier and Dan Visioni  has been accepted for review by Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics. 

Differences in the QBO response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species

https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1104/

Ryan Anderson explains how Parallel Carbon calcines limestone at ambient temperature, using a membrane-free aqueous electrolysis process. Could this emergent technology be the cheapest and simplest way to integrate DAC with renewable energy?

Einar Tyssen from removr.no talks about the firm and the plan to get zeolite DAC to 1Mtpa. Hosted by @geoengineering1. Part of Dirty Cash series on climate firms.

How do ethics considerations affect the choices made by researchers as they propose and optimise geoengineering models? Paper link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0039368121000182 Values in early-stage climate engineering: The ethical implications of “doing the research” Jude Galbraith

What counts as a tree, and how do you count trees? What do you do when you're surprised by a grizzly bear? How do you get data from despots? Will AI replace humans, when it comes to analysing ecological data? Do ecologists hibernate in winter? Jingjing Liang from Purdue answers all these questions, and more.

What would a mid-century polar geoengineering program look like? What airports and aircraft would be needed - and at what cost? Wake Smith answers all these questions.

Robert Höglund argues that companies with low CO2 emissions should pay for high quality CDR. @geoengineering1 pushes back, on what amounts to a licence to pollute for dirty industries. Report: bridging the ambition gap https://carbongap.org/report-bridging-the-ambition-gap-a-framework-for-scaling-corporate-funds-for-carbon-removal-and-wider-climate-action/

Can your humble bathroom mirror be the basis of a terrestrial solar geoengineering scheme? Ye Tao looks at scaling this simple solution - with the surprise bonus of a huge reduction in solar energy costs, when compared to sulfur aerosols.

Can microwave regeneration eliminate the need for wasteful heating, in the DAC desorb step? @geoengineering1 interviews Fan Shi, McMahan Gray, and David Battaglia, from NETL. Paper: Energy-Efficient and Water-Saving Sorbent Regeneration at Near Room Temperature for Direct Air Capture. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2589234723000076

An important topic in geoengineering. 

Zhen Dai is on twitter @jenswimsthemoon 

This article explains some of the work she has been part of at Harvard: 

http://sacredsecretuniverse.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Sun-Dimmer.pdf 

Comments and suggestions to reviewer2geo@gmail.com or find us on twitter @reviewer2geo 

or Andrew @geoengineering1 

and Clare @clare_nomad_geo

AGU Ethical Framework Principles for SRM research Tyler Felgenhauer, Duke University https://news.agu.org/press-release/ethical-framework-climate-intervention-research/

Some links discussed in the program: 

https://www.heirloomcarbon.com 

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6273/597

https://twitter.com/peteirvine/status/1389199061060829185?s=08

https://www.pnas.org/content/118/15/e1921854118

Warmed by ocean currents and geothermal heat, Icelandic ice caps are in an unusual situation. How would they be affected by SRM? John Moore from Beijing Normal University is in discussion with @geoengineering1 (who is uncharacteristically well-behaved). Paper: Insensitivity of mass loss of Icelandic Vatnajökull ice cap to solar geoengineering https://tc.copernicus.org/preprints/tc-2021-318/

Melissa is an early career researcher who is driven by her ethical goals to work towards climate justice, positing SRM as a controversial yet potential route to alleviate harms caused by climate change. I urge you to read her piece in Medium which can be found here https://medium.com/@msaenger_52203/the-climate-emergency-intersectional-justice-and-the-urgency-of-solar-geoengineering-research-ae26266d7fbb 

Comments and suggestions to @reviewer2geo

or @geoengineering1

or clare_nomad_geo 

The Radiative Forcing Pattern Effect on Climate Sensitivity https://essopenarchive.org/users/535851/articles/655683-the-radiative-forcing-pattern-effect-on-climate-sensitivity

After pausing to school @geoengineering1 on the rock cycle in pt1, Ingrid Smet from Fieldcode finally gets chance to describe her cotton field trials of enhanced weathering in Greece. https://www.carbon-drawdown.de/blog/2022-11-17-carbon-negativeclimate-positive-cotton-preliminary-results-of-the-very-first-enhanced-weathering-field-experiment-in-greece-in-2021 useful links: Fieldcode Climate Positivity efforts: https://fieldcode.com/en/why-us/climate-positivity Why is Fieldcode setting up their own CDR project and how else do they contribute to CDR? 2021 Enhanced Weathering in Greece report: https://fieldcode.com/olivine_project_report/olivine_project_2021-progress_report.pdf Literally each and every detail on the setup of Greece’s first EW field experiment, including all scientific data gathered in 2021 – starting off with a general introduction to Enhanced Weathering and research done so far Project Carbdown general blog page: https://www.carbon-drawdown.de/blog Short, informative, well explained blog posts about everything we learned and realised with regards to all aspects of EW since the start of Project Carbdown, For example: · Recent blog about the 1200 ton basalt to spread in 2023 with credits at 230 EUR/ton CO2: https://www.carbon-drawdown.de/blog/2022-12-14-how-cdr-with-rock-weathering-can-be-done-practically-and-profitably-part-1

Moa Sporre schools @geoengineering1 on what happens to aerosols that fall out of the stratosphere and into cirrus clouds. Prior project mentioned: CARIBIC project (nowadays part of IAGOS): https://www.caribic-atmospheric.com Paper discussed: Sporre, M. K., Friberg, J., Svenhag, C., Sourdeval, O., & Storelvmo, T. (2022). Springtime stratospheric volcanic aerosol impact on midlatitude cirrus clouds. Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2021GL096171. https://doi. org/10.1029/2021GL096171

Raymond Tan is probably the most prolific and experienced academic ever to have his work rejected by Reviewer 2. Here, he discusses analysis of the impact of large scale Enhanced Weathering on the wider economy and environment (while being rudely interrupted).

Article: On life-cycle sustainability optimization of enhanced weathering systems, The Journal of Cleaner Production 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621000561

Are low sulfur marine fuels causing termination shock? Leon Simons gives R2 some very bad news. Citation: Climate Impact of Decreasing Atmospheric Sulphate Aerosols and the Risk of a Termination Shock DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.22778.62408

Is it too late for SRM to save South American glaciers? Alfonso Fernandez discusses his paper on the impact of SRM on the glaciers of the Andes. Fernández, A., Manquehual-Cheuque, F. & Somos-Valenzuela, M. Impact of Solar Radiation Management on Andean glacier-wide surface mass balance. npj Clim Atmos Sci 7, 257 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00807-x

NPC vs IAM. Oliver Perkins explains why simple agent-based models (non playable characters, if you like) might outperform the integrated assessment models that have led to such outlandish predictions for CDR. Paper: Toward quantification of the feasible potential of land-based carbon dioxide removal https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2023.11.011

William Morrissey explains how SAI could lead to conflict and counter-geoengineering. @geoengineering1 isn't convinced it will all end so badly. Avoiding atmospheric anarchy: Geoengineering as a source of interstate tension William Morrissey https://doi.org/10.1177/27538796231221597

Donn Viviani & Dan Galpern look at how individual petitioners could put an end to US firms' deployment of SRM. Background info provided by guests: Current petition and lawsuit available at cprclimate.org In my 2015 petition I explicitly asked for a section 4 rule to develop data, if EPA lacked the information to make a risk finding. It could serve as a template for a geoengineering information request https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/petition_oa_tsca_2014_final_2.pdf the denial is here https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2015-0487-0001 Under the Administrative Procedure Act, any person may petition for the issuance, amendment, or repeal of a rule (5 U.S.C. 553(e)). The petition will be addressed to the Secretary of the Interior, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC 20240. see https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-43/subtitle-A/part-14 NEPA National Environmental Policy Act: Each Agency has it's out set of NEPA guidelines and policies Here is a good overview from an ngo https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/petition_oa_tsca_2014_final_2.pdf EPAs NEPA guide is here https://www.epa.gov/nepa/national-environmental-policy-act-policies-and-guidance When does NEPA apply to obligate a private actor to undertake environmental analysis? The US Council on Environmental Quality published a nice little Citizen's Guide to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 2007 and on p. 4 it noted, among other things, that: "[]Congress recognized that the Federal Government’s actions may cause significant environmental effects. The range of actions that cause significant environmental effects is broad and includes issuing regulations, providing permits for private actions, funding private actions, making federal land management decisions, constructing publicly-owned facilities, and many other types of actions. Using the NEPA process, agencies are required to determine if their proposed actions have significant environmental effects and to consider the environmental and related social and economic effects of their proposed actions. "NEPA’s procedural requirements apply to a Federal agency’s decisions for actions, including financing, assisting, conducting, or approving projects or programs; agency rules, regulations, plans, policies, or procedures; and legislative proposals.7 "NEPA applies when a Federal agency has discretion to choose among one or more alternative means of accomplishing a particular goal.8 Frequently, private individuals or companies will become involved in the NEPA process when they need a permit issued by a Federal agency. When a company applies for a permit (for example, for crossing federal lands or impacting waters of the United States) the agency that is being asked to issue the permit must evaluate the environmental effects of the permit decision under NEPA. Federal agencies might require the private company or developer to pay for the preparation of analyses, but the agency remains responsible for the scope and accuracy of the analysis."

Gloria Reithmaier talks to @geoengineering1 about coastal blue carbon, work/life balance, and being a mum in academia. Paper: Reithmaier, G.M.S., Cabral, A., Akhand, A. et al. Carbonate chemistry and carbon sequestration driven by inorganic carbon outwelling from mangroves and saltmarshes. Nat Commun 14, 8196 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44037-w

As usual please tell all your friends and colleagues about the show, and consider coming on as a guest or guest host. Comments and suggestions are most welcome! 

reviewer2geo@gmail.com 

@reviewer2geo 

@geoengineering1 

@clare_nomad_geo

The cost of stratospheric aerosol injection through 2100

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7

Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment

https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d

At only 17 and already published, Gideon is an impressive and unusual guest on the show. Today he discusses his paper with Andrew on the novel idea of geoengineering and the public trust doctrine. Gideon also talks about his organisation Worldward and his plans for the future particularly in climate restoration. Find the paper here https://cclr.lexxion.eu/article/cclr/2020/2/4 and Gideon on twitter @worldwardglobal 

As usual, please make any suggestions or comments @geoengineering1 or @clare_nomad_geo

Thanks and enjoy the show! 

Reviewer 2 reluctantly agrees to dish out another drubbing to "radical" economist Ron Baiman. @geoengineering1 discusses Ron's new paper on balancing short-term cooling - both local and global - with long-term CDR. Also, check out Ron's popular episode from last year on the Green New Deal. Links below: Paper "Our Two Climate Crises Challenge: Short-Run Emergency Direct Climate Cooling and Long-Run GHG Removal and Ecological Regeneration": https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/04866134221123626?journalCode=rrpa . (Healthy Planet Action Coalition (HPAC) preprint and presentation slides here: https://www.healthyplanetaction.org/presentations-guest-speaker-recordings .) Other documents referenced include: Baiman et al. HPAC 2023 "The Case for Urgent Direct Climate Cooling": https://docs.google.com/document/d/1TowThwi6j6cX3iLGBRrj22D30cYhKa_9/edit, IEA 2022 "Solar PV Global Supply Chains": https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv-global-supply-chains/executive-summary , and MacDougal et. al. Biogeosciences 2020: “Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO2”: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-202

In this episode, Andrew is joined by paper's "Direct Air Capture via Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower" author Xiaoxiao Li, from the Chongqing University.

You can check the paper here: DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103375

As always, thanks for listening! And feel free to contact us on twitter @reviewer2geo for suggestions/feedback!

Tyler Felgenhauer discusses his exciting paper on the politics of solar geoengineeering research specifically in relation to the U.S policy agenda. A must listen.  

Felgenhauer, T., Horton, J., & Keith, D. (2021). Solar geoengineering research on the U.S. policy agenda: when might its time come? Environmental Politics, 1-21. doi:10.1080/09644016.2021.1933763

Tyler Felgenhauer is Director of Climate Research at the Duke Center on Risk, and a Research Scientist with the Modeling Environmental Risks and Decisions Group (MERDG), at Duke University. His research examines the climate-society system and options for responding to climate change risk in an integrated way, drawing on approaches from systems analysis, modeling, decision analysis, and other analytical methods from public policy, economics, and political science.

Ishita Mundra debuts as presenter, interviewing Amanda Borth on the role of the private sector in combined SRM and CDR scenarios. Paper: The private sector to the rescue? Analysis of a hypothetical scenario of SG deployment https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016328721001191

"Good afternoon, Reviewer 2 listeners. Some of us at the Healthy Planet Action Coalition (www.healthyplanetaction.org) have noticed that a few months ago Reviewer 2 experienced a security breach orchestrated by archrival Challenging Climate. Now normally we would refrain from taking advantage of poor Reviewer 2, but we sensed an opportunity that we couldn’t resist and decided to jump into the breach with this discussion about the recent report of the Climate Overshoot Commission (COC) between Chris Field, Stanford Professor and advisor to the COC, and Mike MacCracken, HPAC Steering Circle member and former Executive Director of the Office of the US Global Change Research Program. The Climate Overshoot Commission report "Reducing the Risks of Climate Overshoot" was released on September 14: https://www.overshootcommission.org/_files/ugd/0c3b70_bab3b3c1cd394745b387a594c9a68e2b.pdf. While the COC did not solicit public input, it did hold a series of meetings to learn and discuss the full range of questions facing the international community in dealing with the risk of climate overshoot. Their 4-part high-level recommendations were summarized in the acronym CARE, for Cut (emissions), Adapt, Remove (CO2), and Explore (SRM). Specifically, its recommendation on climate intervention advocated expanding research while placing "a moratorium on the deployment of solar radiation modification and large-scale outdoor experiments that would carry risk of significant trans-boundary harm. "

What could be the eventual scale of the CDR market? What technologies will it use? And how do choices made today affect where it ends up? Robert Hoglund discusses with @geoengineering1 Some works discussed CDR.fyi annual report https://www.cdr.fyi/blog/2023-year-in-review Carbon removal is not a finite resource https://marginalcarbon.substack.com/p/carbon-removal-is-not-a-finite-resource Emergent methane mitigation and removal approaches: A review Ishita Mundra, Andrew Lockley https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100223

Aryan Gupta interviews John Barry Gallagher from the University of Tasmania. They discuss the complexities of calculating whether seaweed is carbon negative or not. Paper: https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icesjms/fsac011/6525671? Seaweed ecosystems may not mitigate CO2 emissions John Barry Gallagher, Victor Shelamoff, Cayne Layton

Christian Claudel comes on to explore the issues around using drones to distribute MCB particles. These are made by anti-solvent precipitation (much like diluting Ricard spirit). Despite @geoengineering1 being AN ACTUAL AUTHOR on the paper he still finds plenty of opportunities for nitpicking. Paper: Marine-cloud brightening: an airborne concept Christian Claudel, Andrew John Lockley, Fabian Hoffmann and Younan Xia DOI 10.1088/2515-7620/ad2f71

Please see below papers relevant to this interview. 

Comments and suggestions are always welcome: reviewer2@gmail.com @reviewer2geo @geoengineering1 and @clare_nomad_geo

Please contact us if you want to come on the show or be a host for an episode and show us how it should be done.  

Lockley, A., D.G. MacMartin, H. Hunt, “An update on engineering issues concerning stratospheric aerosol injection for geoengineering”, Environmental Research Communications, 2(8):082001, 2020.  Doi: 10.1088/2515-7620/aba944

·  MacMartin, D.G., and B. Kravitz, “The engineering of climate engineering”, Annual Reviews of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, 2:445-67, 2019.  doi:10.1146/annurev-control-053018-023725

·  MacMartin, D.G., B. Kravitz, S. Tilmes, J.H. Richter, M.J. Mills, J.-F. Lamarque, J.J. Tribbia, and F. Vitt, “The climate response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering can be tailored using multiple injection locations” J. Geophys. Res. A., 122, 12,574–12,590,2017. doi: 10.1002/2017JD026868

·  Kravitz, B., D.G. MacMartin, H. Wang, and P. J. Rasch, “Geoengineering as a design problem”, Earth System Dynamics, 7, 469-497, 2016.  doi:10.5194/esd-7-469-2016

·  MacMartin, D. G., Kravitz, B., Keith, D. W., and Jarvis, A., “Dynamics of the coupled human-climate system resulting from closed-loop control of solar geoengineering”, Climate Dynamics, 43(1-2): 243-258, 2014. (doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1822-9)

Charly Moras explains how grain size affects reaction kinetics in ocean alkalinity enhancement. Paper:- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-645/

Global Thermostat founder Peter Eisenberger steamrollers Andrew (@geoengineering1) in this challenging interview about his company's controversial culture, and its relationship with Exxon.

Michael Fuhr gives @geoengineering1 news on what happens when you throw rocks in the sea (yawn). Then they go on a massive rant about how Gen Z academics don't know how to party anymore (yey!). But which one of them ended a conference locked in a laundry cage being rolled through a hotel foyer? Find out, inside. Paper https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1338556 This article is part of the Research Topic Quantifying Carbon Removal by Negative Emissions Technologies Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique

Wilfried Rickels' paper proposes a central bank to subsidise CDR and control carbon permit prices. What could possibly go wrong? Paper: Removal Certificate Reserves to Manage Carbon Prices on the Path to Net-Zero Author links open overlay https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102858

Un-do spreads crushed basalt on farms, and sells the carbon removals to Frontier. @geoengineering1 has concerns about scaling.

Jörg Schwinger presents work showing temperature overshoots can be recovered from, using CDR. @geoengineering1 finds lots to take issue with - model processes, intergenerational equity, and the risk of misinterpretation of superficially-reassuring studies. Paper: Emit now, mitigate later? Earth system reversibility under overshoots of different magnitudes and durations https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1641/2022/

In this episode, Andrew is joined by Thomas Rinder from University of Salzburg, to talk about the paper "The influence of particle size on the potential of enhanced basalt weathering for carbon dioxide removal - Insights from a regional assessment"

You can check Rinder's paper here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128178

As always, thanks for listening! Feel free to send sugestions/feedback on twitter @reviewer2geo

See you all next episode!