Learning by William (William Gottemoller)
Explorez tous les épisodes de Learning by William
| Date | Titre | Durée | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 Jul 2021 | What is Calculus? - Derivatives, Integrals, and Differential Equations | 00:48:12 | |
Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing References: Derivative - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative Power Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_rule All derivative calculations were checked using this website https://www.derivative-calculator.net/ Product Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_rule Quotient Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_rule Chain Rule - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_rule Integral - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral Line Integral (AKA a Contour Integral in Complex Analysis) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_integral All integral calculations were checked using this calculator (can also calculate derivatives, but I was not near the calculator when I was working on the derivative portion of the chapter): https://www.amazon.com/Texas-Instruments-TI-84-Graphing-Calculator/dp/B00TFYYWQA Reverse Power Rule - KhanAcademy https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-new/ab-6-8a/e/intro-to-integration Riemann Integral - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_integral Fundamental Theorem(s) of Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_calculus Differential Equation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_equation Partial Differential Equation - Wikipedia | |||
| 06 Mar 2021 | What is a Human? | 00:34:40 | |
From where did we originate? How did we develop highly organized societies and civilizations? From what species did we diverge? What made humans different from their ape relatives and ancestors? What traits about humans are most unique and invigorating? These questions, and many more, will be answered in today’s episode, where we explore the birth of our genus, homo, and the birth of our species, the homo sapien. References Homo sapien - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Australopithecines - ScienceDirect https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026526000104 Hominidae - PBS https://nhpbs.org/wild/hominidae.asp Human Evolution - Smithsonian https://humanorigins.si.edu/education/introduction-human-evolution Origin of the Primate Order https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/earlyprimates/early_2.htm Origin of the Homo sapien - The Royal Society https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 Where the Homo sapien Originated - Australian Museum https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/when-and-where-did-our-species-originate/ Notable Traits Unique to Humans - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/15689-evolution-human-special-species.html Neolithic Revolution - History https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/neolithic-revolution Homosexuality Activities in Other Animals - BBC Earth http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150206-are-there-any-homosexual-animals | |||
| 01 May 2021 | What is the Hierarchy Problem in Particle Physics? | 00:35:28 | |
Edit: in the episode, the Higgs field is referred to as having a “mass of 250 GeV.” This is NOT correct; 250 GeV refers specifically to the energy of an object, as GeV is an energy, not a mass, scale. References:
Hierarchy Problem - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem
Hierarchy Problem - Of Particular Significance
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/the-hierarchy-problem/
Planck Mass - COSMOS
https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Planck+Mass
Special Unitary Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group
Doublet State (Quantum Mechanics) - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_state
Determinant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant
Unitary Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group
Circle Group - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group
Q/A on SU(2) to U(1) Symmetry Breaking - StackExchange
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/370573/su2-to-u1-symmetry-breaking
Higgs Mechanism - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_mechanism
Coupling Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_constant
Coupling Constants of the Fundamental Forces
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Forces/couple.html
Fermi’s Constant - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_constant
Supersymmetry - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry
Electroweak Interaction Theory - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction
Coleman-Weinberg Mechanism - Scholarpedia
http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Coleman-Weinberg_mechanism
| |||
| 03 Jul 2021 | What is Calculus? - Basics, Functions, and Limits | 00:34:52 | |
Note: in the episode, William said that e to the power of anything, excluding zero, equals zero. This is obviously not correct, for e^1 ≈ 2.718 Shareable link to the document (has all of the mathematical examples that will be discussed in both this episode and the following episode): https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VfEVBscCPTfoyTDyv4ZRFJYL9Luzyd1UHvjxzz-uwpg/edit?usp=sharing References: Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus History of Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_calculus Isaac Newton - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton Infinitesimal - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal Function - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics) History of the Function - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_function_concept Limit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics) One-Sided Limit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-sided_limit l'Hôpital’s Rule - Wikipedia | |||
| 17 Oct 2020 | Our Future in the 21st Century | 00:36:19 | |
The future of humanity is far more uncertain than the future of earth. Earth, being an inanimate object, can be predicted quite easily by the laws of the universe. With conscious and volatile beings like humans, attempting to predict exactly what will happen in their future is almost completely impossible. Though, of course being curious, wondrous human beings, we love to attempt at predicting that future. In this episode, we will delve into a few of the many possible futures we may have this century. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References (I wasn't planning on using Wiki, sorry): https://nickbostrom.com/papers/future.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2045_Initiative https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-immortality-financiers-the-billionaires-who-want-to-live-forever https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958330/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/high-tech-gadgets/technological-singularity.htm | |||
| 10 Apr 2021 | How is a Proton Positive and a Neutron Neutral? What are Quarks? | 00:35:12 | |
The atom is most definitely not the smallest particle and most definitely can be broken down into smaller pieces; even the protons and the neutrons that we considered to be fundamental particles in and of themselves can be broken down into smaller particles. In an attempt to open your minds beyond the delusion that the atom cannot be broken down, this chapter is to convey and communicate the building blocks of the building blocks of atoms, which we have alluded to oftentimes in previous chapters but have not covered in-depth. Welcome to the wondrous world of quarks. References Fifty Years of Quarks - CERN https://home.cern/news/news/physics/fifty-years-quarks Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark Particle Zoo (1960s) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_zoo Flavour (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics) Quark Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_model Pauli Exclusion Principle http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2 Spin Classification of Elementary Particles http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html Up Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark Down Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark Strange Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_quark Charm Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm_quark Bottom Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark CP Violation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation Top Quark - Wikipedia | |||
| 24 Apr 2021 | What is the Relativistic Doppler Effect? Why do Distant Galaxies Appear “Redshifted?” | 00:32:04 | |
When gazing into the deep expanse of the universe and finding the distant quasars and galaxies, we notice a particular feature that is commonplace no matter where we look: the further away the galaxy or deep sky object is, the redder, or the longer wavelength, the object appears; it seems that a galaxy like the Andromeda Galaxy is far less red than a comparable galaxy that is 1.6 billion light years away. This feature was once noticed by the astrophysicist Edwin Hubble, a physicist that will be spoken of frequently in this chapter, who found that this reddening paradigm was more profound the further one looked out into the universe (a galaxy 100 million light years away will appear less “redshifted” than a galaxy 2 billion light years away, even if the two galaxies have the same compositions). This redshifting determined for Hubble that the universe was expanding, and he proved his findings through what is known as the Doppler Effect, which is the phenomenon that creates the redshifting Hubble used to determine that the universe was expanding. In this chapter, we will discuss the Doppler Effect, how it occurs, and what it represents. References Classical Doppler Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect Relativistic Doppler Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect Cosmological Redshift - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/cosmological+redshift Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe Comoving and Proper Distance in Cosmology - David W. Hogg https://cds.cern.ch/record/387177/files/9905116.pdf Future of Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe Heat Death - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe Fate of the Universe - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe Entropy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy Thermodynamic Free Energy - Wikipedia | |||
| 06 Feb 2021 | Here is What Astronomers Have Discovered in the Month of January | 00:29:54 | |
In the 21st century, scientists, notably physicists and astronomers, have made exceptional discoveries and exceptional advancements in the field of science. From the discovery of the Higgs Boson to the discovery of the neutrino and a new state of matter, astronomers and physicists alike have made important and outstanding contributions to the scientific development of our society in this century. It seems to me that these incredible discoveries often go overlooked; we are so caught up in our screens and our crises that we forget to realize the intense and exceptional development occurring right under our noses. References: UChicago Undergrads Discover Bright Lensed Galaxy in Early Universe - uchicago news https://news.uchicago.edu/story/uchicago-undergrads-discover-bright-lensed-galaxy-early-universe Exo-Jupiter That is 10x Less Massive - CBS News https://www.cbsnews.com/news/astronomers-discover-super-puff-gas-giant-exoplanet-wasp-107b-jupiter/ Astronomers Find Fastest Spinning Magnetar yet - Astronomy https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/astronomers-find-the-youngest-fastest-spinning-magnetar-yet Astronomers Closer to Entering the Realm of Gravitational Waves, Gravitons - Space.com https://www.space.com/astronomers-chasing-cosmic-secrets-with-pulsars Astronomers Find Radio Galaxies 62x Larger Than the Milky Way - Mashable Physicists Figure Novel Method to Extract Energy From Black Holes - SCI-NEWS https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=301953#:~ Red Dwarf Sunlight Used to Grow Photosynthesizing chlorogloeopsis thermalis - Astronomy https://astronomy.com/news/2021/01/red-dwarf-starlight-used-to-grow-photosynthesizing-bacteria Gravitational Lensing - Australian Academy of Science https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/gravitational-lensing | |||
| 30 Jan 2021 | What is the Standard Model of Particle Physics? | 00:28:05 | |
Last episode, we discussed the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. The episode got quite deep and interesting, as we delved deeper into some of the more complex topics that plague the great scientific minds of our generation. We made typical mechanical physics, often regarded as one of the most difficult high school classes that exists, look like a child's play. Quantum mechanics is, without a doubt, a heavy topic. The difficulty and uncertainty that exists with quantum mechanics is not isolated merely to quantum mechanics; there exists many other scientific paradigms and phenomena that plague scientific minds and force innovation. In this episode, we will explore yet another aspect of quantum mechanics, this time particle physics. Even with all that exists in the Copenhagen Interpretation and quantum field theory, there is still far more to be learned surrounding quantum mechanics. We have only begun to dip our smallest toe on the surface, but now we shall bring that toe a little deeper, as we begin to explore another aspect of physics, specifically particle physics, and the model that defines this particular field of physics. In this episode, we will explore the Standard Model of particle physics. References Standard Model of Particle Physics - CERN https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model Standard Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model Gauge Theory - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/gauge-theory Strong Nuclear Force - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/strong-force Weak Nuclear Force - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/weak-force Electromagnetic Force - Bozeman Science https://www.youtube.com/watch/NcnZ2AigrCs Electromagnetic Force - Energy Education https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electromagnetic_force Types of Hadrons - CheggStudy https://www.chegg.com/learn/physics/introduction-to-physics/hadrons | |||
| 26 Jun 2021 | What is Abstract Algebra? - Rings, Fields, Modules, Lattices, Vector Spaces, Algebras, and Galois Theory | 00:36:38 | |
References: Galois Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_theory Commutative Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring Commutative Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra Commutative Property - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property Noncommutative Ring - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncommutative_ring Glossary of Ring Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ring_theory Field - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics) Module Fundamentals - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign https://faculty.math.illinois.edu/~r-ash/Algebra/Chapter4.pdf Linear Transformation (Linear Map) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map Vector Space - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space Scalar - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics) Lattice (Order) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order) Lattice (Group) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group) Infimum and Supremum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infimum_and_supremum Algebra Over a Field - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_field Ring Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_theory Ring - Wikipedia | |||
| 31 Oct 2020 | The Schrodinger's Cat Thought Experiment, the Many Worlds Interpretation, and Quantum Immortality | 00:31:49 | |
Has there ever been a math problem, or a confusing word in a book that has confused you? Have you ever become extremely frustrated by the fact that you have no idea what you are trying to solve? Has this difficult math problem or hard-to-cypher word been on a test? After putting in all your effort into thinking about what the answer may be, have you come up short? Did you say “there must be no answer to this question. This question is a paradox?” Well, if your math question is related to the Schrodinger’s Cat thought experiment, you are probably right. Brace yourselves as I attempt to understand, answer, and explain the Schrodinger’s Cat thought experiment and its various interpretations. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Schrodinger's Cat Thought Experiment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat Physicist: Erwin Schrodinger https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger Schrodinger's Wave Function https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation Copenhagen Interpretation - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ Superposition: an Overview https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superposition#:~:text=Superposition%20is%20the%20ability%20of,the%20English%20physicist%2C%20Thomas%20Young. Collapse of the Wave Function in Quantum Systems http://www.quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/collapse-of-the-wave-function/ Debunking Arguments Against the Many-Worlds Interpretation - Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2015/02/19/the-wrong-objections-to-the-many-worlds-interpretation-of-quantum-mechanics
The Quantum Suicide Machine and Quantum Immortality https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_suicide_and_immortality Why the Many-Worlds Interpretation is Probably Correct - Sean Carroll https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2014/06/30/why-the-many-worlds-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics-is-probably-correct/ Great video to help summarize many-worlds by the fellow YouTuber, Veritasium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTXTPe3wahc schrodinger, erwin schrodinger, schrodinger's cat, thought experiment, schrodinger's cat thought experiment, quantum physics, quantum, quantum mechanics, quantum immortality, copenhagen interpretation, immortality, wave function, schrodinger's wave function, schrodinger's wave equation, quantum suicide, uranium, cyanide, geiger counter, dead and alive, superposition, quantum decoherence, quantum superposition, many worlds interpretation, MWI, multiverse theory, multiverse, decoherence, newtonian physics, newton, newton's second law, educational, education, science, advanced physics, advanced, learning by william | |||
| 20 Feb 2021 | What is Quantum Entanglement? Spooky Action at a Distance Explained! | 00:30:27 | |
After conducting numerous episodes of astrophysics and quantum mechanics, I feel that I am finally dipping my toes into the ocean of physics that exists right below my nose. I feel that I am finally able to explain, though with a rudimentary understanding of the topic, the pillars of quantum mechanics. I thought I would make this episode to humble myself and prove to myself that I do not, at all, have even a rudimentary understanding of the wild west of astrophysics: quantum mechanics. Even so, in our relentless pursuit of knowledge and understanding, we stumble upon the greatness of quantum entanglement, a tremendous topic that humbles and horrifies the human brain. References Quantum Entanglement - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement Quantum Superposition - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition Superposition - The Physics of the Universe https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_superposition.html EPR Paradox - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPR_paradox Superdeterminism - frontiers in Physics https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.00139/full Principle of Locality - Quantum Physics Lady http://www.quantumphysicslady.org/glossary/locality/ Bell’s Theorem - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bell-theorem/ Photon Split - Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/photons-meet-with-three-split/ Billions of Quantum Entangled Particles Found in Strange Mineral - ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/01/200116144105.htm “Everything is Entangled” - Cornell University https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.1584 Are all particles in the universe quantum-entangled, since they all emerged from a single entity? - Quora | |||
| 19 Dec 2020 | On December 21st, the “Great Conjunction” of Jupiter and Saturn Will Occur. Here is What That Means: | 00:27:42 | |
5 out of the 7 extraterrestrial planets in our solar system were discovered by the same man; his name was Galileo Galilei. In 1609, after hearing about Hans Lippershey’s Dutch Perspective Glasses, Galileo designed his own telescope.. In only a few days, without ever having seen one. This telescope was orders of magnitude better than Lippershey’s patented telescope, and allowed him to explore the cosmos in a way unheard of before. He discovered Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, all with that same telescope he had recently built. As time progressed forwards, the telescopes we used progressed as well. We went from the small 30x magnification telescope of the Galilean age to the massive, 30 meter aperture observatories that could magnify objects orders of magnitude more than Galileo’s. The telescope is, without a doubt, the most important scientific invention that has ever existed; with it, Galileo discovered four planets and Jupiter’s moons, William Herschel discovered Uranus and formulated the Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Charles Messier detailed 110 large deep sky objects in a catalogue known as the Messier Catalogue, Edwin Hubble discovered the Hubble Constant (~70 km/s per megaparsec), Gerard Kuiper discovered the CO2 content on Mars and the icy rings of Saturn, and how Carl Sagan learned the riches of the cosmos and sought to communicate it to all corners of the earth. While telescopes are the greatest piece of technology humans have ever created, it is not practical for everything. There are some events that are so incredible and obvious that we can see them with our naked eyes, with nothing but our eyes and a passion for the night sky. December 21st is one of those times, as Jupiter and Saturn will come within .1 degrees of each other in the night sky in what is known as the Great Conjunction, forming a superstar that has not been visible to humans since 1226. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Inventors and Developers of the Telescope https://www.space.com/21950-who-invented-the-telescope.html Galileo Galilei- Information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_conjunction Conjunctions in Astronomy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy) Ecliptic Coordinate System - Celestial Sphere in Astronomy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system The Star of Bethlehem and its Theoretical Relation to the Great Conjunction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem EDIT: A correction has been made to the number of planets Galileo discovered. In thee description and in the podcast, it was said that Galileo discovered four planets- Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, but Galileo actually discovered five- includes Mercury. | |||
| 09 Jan 2021 | What is a Supernova? How did we get all the Heavier Elements, Like Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Uranium, and Plutonium? | 00:26:43 | |
Yes, ununbiquium does not exist. I made the element up as a satirical node towards the heaviest elements known as of yet- Ununilium, Unununium, Ununbium, Ununtrium, Ununquadium, Ununpentium, Ununhexium, and Ununseptium. The main elements that comprise the human body are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. These 6 elements form a word that you may have heard in your biology class, CHNOPS. CHNOPS stands for those six elements that comprise the vast majority of one’s mass. The most important, even though all these elements are essential specifically to human life, are four specific elements: these elements are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, carbon an atomic number of 6, nitrogen an atomic number of 7, and oxygen an atomic number of 8. Without even a single one of these elements, we would not exist, at least not in the form we exist in as of now. These elements are essential to our existence itself. Now we all know that all stars originally fuse hydrogen into helium, leaving two abundant, obviously existing elements in the universe. The question is, though, what about nitrogen? What about oxygen and carbon? How is it possible, while all the stars are fusing hydrogen into helium, that we have carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur? In this episode, we shall delve into the beautiful science that is supernovae, the most powerful explosions in the universe (yes, including the Big Bang, because the Big Bang was an expansion, not an explosion, contrary to contemporary and popular thought). If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References How Stars Become Red Giants https://courses.lumenlearning.com/astronomy/chapter/evolution-from-the-main-sequence-to-red-giants/ Is Iron Fusion Possible? http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast122/lectures/lec18.html How a Supernova Occurs https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/supernova/en/ Supernova Nucleosynthesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis p-, r-, and s- Processes in Supernova Nucleosynthesis https://www.pnas.org/content/110/43/17241 r-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-process s-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-process p-Process in Supernova Nucleosynthesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-process | |||
| 30 Jun 2021 | Welcome to Learning by William | 00:05:23 | |
Welcome to Learning by William! I am your host, William Gottemoller, and I am happy to join you on your pursuit of knowledge! | |||
| 27 Feb 2021 | What is a Black Hole? | 00:29:49 | |
In April of 2019, scientists and radio astronomers around the world came together to share the world’s first image of a black hole. In a stunning polynational consortium, radio astronomers from 20 different countries utilized their radio telescopes to image the black hole in the center of Messier 87, the largest object on the entire Messier catalogue of 110 objects. This consortium used many of the world’s most prestigious telescopes, along with atomic clocks, two custom built supercomputers (think about that custom built computer at your friend’s house and multiply that by 150,000), and several new computational techniques in image acquisition, to take this incredible image of the black hole. Messier 87 itself is black, but is lit up by an intense glow of radiation that surrounds it; when I see this, I think about a star being engulfed by this enormous black hole. The astronomers were able to image the radio waves emanating from this source and capture the black hole itself, specifically the ultra-dark, round source existing in the middle of the image. This image is often considered among the most important images ever taken, excluding, potentially, the first Hubble deep field and pale blue dot. References: Humans Could Enter a Black Hole ‘Safely’ - ScienceAlert https://www.sciencealert.com/what-would-happen-if-a-human-tried-to-enter-a-black-hole-to-study-it Black Hole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole Idealization (Science Philosophy) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealization_(science_philosophy) Point Particle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_particle#Point_mass Black Hole - Cosmos https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/black+hole Singularity - Physics of the Universe https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_singularities.html Black Hole Information Paradox - Space.com https://www.space.com/black-hole-information-paradox-mystery.html String Theory - LIVESCIENCE https://www.livescience.com/65033-what-is-string-theory.html Nearing the End of the Information Paradox - Quantamagazine https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/ | |||
| 18 Sep 2021 | What is General Relativity? | 00:37:02 | |
References: General Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity Field Equations - Warwick Department of Physics https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/intranet/pendulum/generalrelativity/ Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Stress-Energy Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor Einstein’s Field Equations - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations Einstein Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_tensor Pseudo-Riemannian Manifold - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold Metric Tensor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor Ricci Curvature - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci_curvature Metric Tensor in General Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity) Schwarzschild Metric - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity - SPACE.com https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html Gravitational Lensing - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO Equivalence Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_principle Gravitational Time Dilation - Wikipedia | |||
| 29 May 2021 | What are the Laws of Conservation? | 00:26:05 | |
References: Conservation Law - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-law Conservation Law - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_law Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass-energy Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy Energy-Momentum Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation Law of Conservation of Mass - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_linear_momentum Angular Momentum (+ its Conservation Law) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge SU(3) Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3) Weak Isospin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin Law of Conservation of Electric Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_conservation Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge SU(3) Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU(3)#The_group_SU(3) Weak Isospin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_isospin Probability Current - Wikipedia | |||
| 09 Oct 2021 | What are the Different Types of Optical Telescopes? | 00:34:53 | |
References: Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope Refracting (Refractor) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope Reflecting (Reflector) Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope Catadioptric Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadioptric_system Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope (extra telescopes that give examples of catadioptric telescopes) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope Dobsonian Telescope (type of Newtonian telescope) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobsonian_telescope Telescope Focal Length - starlust https://starlust.org/telescope-focal-length/ Achromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achromatic_lens Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat Gregorian Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_telescope Newtonian Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Petzval Field Curvature - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_field_curvature Comatic Aberration - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(optics) Distortion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(optics) Schmidt Corrector Plate - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope Telecompressor (Focal Reducer) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecompressor Barlow Lens - Wikipedia | |||
| 28 Aug 2021 | What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 1 | 00:28:25 | |
Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 07 Aug 2021 | What is the International System of Units (SI System)? | 00:30:14 | |
References: International System of Units - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units Metric System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system International Bureau on Weights and Measures - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures Base Unit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit Derived Unit - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit Second - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second Meter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre 2019 Redefinition of the Base Units - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units Ampere - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere Kelvin - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin Boltzmann Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant Mole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit) Amount of Substance - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amount_of_substance Avogadro Constant - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro_constant Candela - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candela Luminous Intensity - Wikipedia | |||
| 05 Dec 2020 | Why Does it Seem Like we are Alone in the Universe? What is the Fermi Paradox and the Great Filter? | 00:25:55 | |
The great astronomer Carl Sagan once spoke for wanderers across all borders, ethnicities, races, and religions, when he said. “We were wanderers from the beginning. We were bounded only by the earth, and the ocean, and the sky. The frontier was everywhere.” Humanity’s addiction with exploration and wonder is intrinsically tied to our nature. Our dauntless exploration is a testament to our nature; to survive, we must explore new worlds. When the drought was prolonged, or when the food was scarce, we moved on. We wandered throughout our terrestrial planet, searching for survival. We were hunters and foragers, explorers of the unknowns. We were voyagers, adventurers in the mountains and on the oceans. As we grew more advanced, we began voyaging the seas. We wandered across the Atlantic Ocean, we explored the Western Pacific, we circumnavigated Africa, and we ventured throughout the Americas. Many of our great explorers, like Ferdinand Magellan, Zheng He, Marco Polo, Henry the Navigator and John Cabot explored worlds we once did not know existed. We continued on in our advancement, and eventually reached space. We indulged in a new chapter of human existence; we were now a part of the cosmos, rather than a part of the planet. Now that we are advanced enough to look at and explore the heavens, we wonder if we are really alone. The universe is exponentially larger than we had previously known, and exponentially more divine and incredible. Even through all our intense exploration and search, we have yet to find any evidence of intelligent extraterrestrial existence. In a universe so vast and massive, it is daunting to imagine the prospect of loneliness within the universe. Arthur C. Clark spoke of humanity’s desperate urge for a cosmic partner when he said, “Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.” Our desperate search for extraterrestrial life can be potentially well represented by the Fermi Paradox and the Great Filter. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Information on the Fermi Paradox - Enrico Fermi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_paradox Information on the Drake Equation - Dr. Frank Drake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation Information on the Great Filter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Filter We Are Wanderers - A Profound (And Edited) Speech by Carl Sagan | |||
| 27 Sep 2020 | The Birth and Death of the Universe | 00:21:51 | |
In the first episode of this science podcast, we will delve into the most-important question ever asked: how did it all begin? In this episode we will discuss various theories surrounding the origin of the universe, potential causes for this origin, the eventual death of our universe, and theories surrounding this eventual death. On top of this, you will learn some reasons as to why scientists know how our universe began, and how scientists can map how our universe may "end." Thank you for listening to the first episode of "Learning by William" and I hope you all enjoy! Have a good morning, evening, night, and day. If you have any questions, comments, or corrections for this podcast, you can email me through the email listed below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com Websites/Books Used for Research: https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang http://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/inflation_zero.php https://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/astronomy-terms/big-bang-theory https://phys.org/news/2015-12-big-theory.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pobcjRAX3o http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/CosmologyEssays/The_Cosmic_Microwave_Background.html https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/what-caused-the-big-bang/ https://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html A Brief History of Time - Stephen Hawking; P. 46-47 https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy | |||
| 12 Dec 2020 | What Does Population Growth Look Like in Biology? What Are Carrying Capacities, Predation, R-Selections, K-Selections, Overshoots, and Die-Offs? | 00:27:43 | |
The human population has increased dramatically in the last two centuries. Since the Industrial Revolution, 200 years ago, our population has increased from around one billion to nearly eight billion. There are many reasons as to why our population is growing at such a rapid rate; this growth can be attributed to improved healthcare, industrialization, among many other factors. For humans, our growth can be measured by a theorized model of population growth known as the demographic transition model. This theory works very well for human populations, but what about the natural populations you clicked on this video to learn about? When it comes to biological population patterns, we need a whole new set of science, and a whole new set of biological terminology, to explain it. Let’s learn about population patterns in the natural world. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com World Population Growth Throughout Human History https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth The Demographic Transition Model (VERY USEFUL IF YOU ARE CURRENTLY TAKING AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OR AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE) https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/demographic-transition-model/ Mathematical Function of (f(x)) Logistic Growth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function Logistic Growth in Biology Carrying Capacities https://www.cmu.edu/steinbrenner/programs/fellows/index.html Overshoot in Biology http://peakoilbarrel.com/carrying-capacity-overshoot-and-species-extinction Die-Off in Biology https://www.yourdictionary.com/die-off Dynamics of Predation and Population Patterns https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/dynamics-of-predation-13229468 R- and K-Selection
| |||
| 27 Nov 2021 | What is the History of Literature? - Part 3 | 00:37:58 | |
For anyone who wants to hear only the information on the third part of the series on the history of literature, please skip to 5:45. The first 5:44 covers a new format this channel will take in the forthcoming months. References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 23 Oct 2021 | What is the History of Modern Art? - Part 2 | 00:32:19 | |
Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing I will be taking my first ACT when this episode releases. Wish me luck! | |||
| 17 Apr 2021 | What is the Speed of Light? What can Travel at the Speed of Light? | 00:31:11 | |
As we, being objects with mass, approach relativistic speeds, our masses continue to increase, and the energy required to propel us continues to increase; once we are near enough to the speed of light, a major mathematical and physical conflict occurs: not only are we now composed of infinite mass, but we also require infinite energy to propel ourselves. Considering the fact that there is not an infinite amount of energy, or mass, for that matter, in the universe, it is reasonable to believe that the speed of light is unattainable for us massive beings. Our travels are limited to short, interstellar neighborhood voyages. Even so, our failure in breaking physics, at least now, raises the question: what does actually travel at the speed of light, or for that matter, what even is the speed of light? In this chapter, we are to discuss the speed of light and the objects it is restricted to. References: Speed of Light - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light Parallax Angle (Seconds of Arc) - NASA JPL https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/teachers/attachments/parallax.html Luminiferous Aether - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiferous_aether Lorentz Transformation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation Caesium Standard - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_standard History of Light - Photon terrace https://photonterrace.net/en/photon/history/ A Very Brief History of Light - M. Suhail Zubairy https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_1 Refractive Index - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor Massless Particle - Wikipedia | |||
| 25 Dec 2021 | What is the James Webb Space Telescope? How Does it Compare to the Hubble Space Telescope? | 00:33:04 | |
The launch window is from 7:20 to 7:52 AM EST on December 25th, 2021! Tune in to see live broadcasts of the launch!!!! | |||
| 05 Jun 2021 | What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 1 | 00:30:00 | |
References Cosmological Expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter Dark Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy Galaxy Rotation Curve - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve Virial Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem Lambda-CDM Model - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model Scale Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_factor_(cosmology) Annihilation (Particle Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation “Dark Matter--Hot or Not?” - Phys.org https://phys.org/news/2016-08-dark-matterhot.html Hot Dark Matter - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dark_matter Cold Dark Matter - Wikipedia | |||
| 19 Jun 2021 | What is Abstract Algebra? - Group Theory and the 196,883-Dimensional "Monster" | 00:36:19 | |
References: Abstract Algebra - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra “Group theory, abstraction, and the 196,883-dimensional monster” - 3Blue1Brown https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mH0oCDa74tE Axiomatic System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system Axiom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom Pure Mathematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics Group Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory Group (Algebra) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics) Main Classes of Groups in Group Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory#Main_classes_of_groups Classification of Finite Simple Groups - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups Finite Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group Lie-Type Group - Wolfram Mathworld https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Lie-TypeGroup.html Monster Group - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_group Monstrous Moonshine - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrous_moonshine J-invariant and Q-expansion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-invariant#The_q-expansion_and_moonshine Continuous Symmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_symmetry Geometric Group Theory - Wikipedia | |||
| 03 Oct 2020 | The Birth of Our Solar System and the Origin of Life | 00:27:25 | |
This episode we will immerse ourselves in the science surrounding the origin of the solar system, the origin of Earth, and the origin of life. We will discuss theories surrounding the creation of the solar system, possible large impact events that could have created the moon, the accretion of Earth, and theories surrounding the origin of life on our planet. Thank you all for listening to the second episode of the "Learning by William" podcast! I hope you all enjoy, and have a good morning, good afternoon, good evening, and goodnight. If you have any questions, comments, critiques, or if you want to talk to me, please do email me using the address below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com Websites Used for Research: http://www.astro.umass.edu/~myun/teaching/a100_old/solarnebulartheory.html https://astronomy.com/news/2019/05/giant-impact-hypothesis-an-evolving-legacy-of-apollo https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evolution-of-earth/ https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_01.html https://www.livescience.com/1804-greatest-mysteries-life-arise-earth.html | |||
| 08 May 2021 | What is Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)? | 00:34:59 | |
References: Quantum Chromodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics Strong CP (charge-parity) Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_CP_problem Quark - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark Origin of the Word “Quark” - ScienceFriday https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/the-origin-of-the-word-quark/ Eightfold Way (Physics) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics) Color Charge - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_charge Non-Abelian Gauge Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-abelian_gauge_theory Lagrangian Function - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Lagrangian-function Yang-Mills Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%E2%80%93Mills_theory Special Unitary Triplet - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group#The_group_SU(3) Asymptotic Freedom - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom Color Confinement - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_confinement Direct Photon Production - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_photons Jet (Physics) and Hadronization - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(particle_physics) Peccei-Quinn Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory Axion - Wikipedia | |||
| 13 Mar 2021 | What is Hilbert Space in Mathematics and Quantum Mechanics? | 00:32:15 | |
In this episode, we will be covering Hilbert Space and its importance in quantum mechanics. Please cut me some slack because this topic combines abstract algebra with advanced calculus, both of which I do not know. The history of Hilbert Space and the application of it into quantum mechanics should be simple, but its application and derivation surrounding mathematics will likely stump me; I know the English language, but not integrals and multivariable vector calculus. But anyways, let’s explore the foundation of something I do not understand and the foundation of quantum mechanics, Hilbert space.
Hilbert Space - Quantiki https://www.quantiki.org/wiki/hilbert-spaces Hilbert Space - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space Vector Calculus - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus Euclidean Space - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Euclidean-space Vector Calculus http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vecal.html Quick Hilbert Space Video - Physics World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zASzj4DkZXY Hilbert Space - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/Hilbert-space Functional Analysis - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/functional-analysis-mathematics Vector Fields - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_field Probability Density Function - Wikipedia | |||
| 14 Nov 2020 | What Planets and Moons in our Solar System Have Liquid Water? | 00:29:08 | |
Astronomy is a very humbling experience. Throughout the entire existence of humanity we have looked up at the night sky and the heavens with an everlasting wonder. We always wondered if someone else could be looking right back at us as we were looking towards them. It is the forefront of the human species to be curious, to question, to wonder, and to explore. Our search for answers on if we are one of only or one of many in the universe is no different from our own natural curiosities. As we have looked more thoroughly into the cosmos, we have begun to see that the water on Earth is not one, but one of many planets and moons to have liquid water. Even from within our own solar system, there are planets and many moons that are known to or may possibly have liquid water or liquid lakes on or under their surfaces. Let’s explore the great possible water worlds of Mars, Ganymede, Enceladus, Europa, Titan, Callisto, Ceres, Dione, Mimas, Triton, and, of course, Earth If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Water Worlds in our Solar System https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a14555/water-worlds-in-our-solar-system/ Mars - In Depth https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/mars/ Earth - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/overview/ Ceres - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/overview/ Ganymede - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth/ Ganymede’s Massive Subsurface Ocean https://www.space.com/28807-jupiter-moon-ganymede-salty-ocean.html Enceladus - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/enceladus/in-depth/ Titan - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/overview/ Callisto - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/callisto/in-depth/ Europa - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/europa/in-depth/ Dione - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/dione/in-depth/ Mimas - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/mimas/in-depth/ Triton - In Depth https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/in-depth/ | |||
| 30 Oct 2021 | What are the Foundational Concepts of Quantum Mechanics? - Part 1 | 00:41:31 | |
References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 16 Jan 2021 | Authoritarianism is Damaging to the Pursuit of Science and Knowledge- Here are a few Scientists who Stood Their Scientific Ground Against Authoritarianism | 00:26:47 | |
The 20th century was plagued with conflict, disease, and terror, but at the same time, the 20th century flourished with growth. Whether it was the vast increase in population, the development of vaccines and antibiotics, the overthrowal of fascism and communism, or the acceleration to space, the 20th century experienced a level of growth unheard of in previous centuries. Almost all of this growth can be attributed to the sciences, as new discoveries and advancements in the scientific and technological worlds allowed for the growth the 20th century was known by to have flourished. As we continue on in the 21st century, another century in which growth shall dominate our experiences, we mustn’t forget the scientists who fought the conflict, disease, terror, and most of all, authoritarianism in their pursuit of knowledge and discovery. We mustn’t forget the scientists who stood by their science even when Joseph Stalin threatened their execution, even continuing on in the pursuit of scientific advancement until Stalin purposefully and slowly starved them to death, who pushed hard against the very nuclear weapons he designed while two tyrannical governments fought against one another for the most warheads. In this episode, we will discuss two scientists, Nikolai Vavilov, J Robert Oppenheimer two of the many scientists who fought against war and authoritarianism while pursuing knowledge from which all humans could benefit. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com | |||
| 25 Sep 2021 | What is the History of European Art From the Medieval Era to the Neoclassical Era? - Part 1 | 00:32:32 | |
Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 14 Jun 2021 | What are Dark Matter and Dark Energy? Part 2 | 00:28:55 | |
References Isotropy of Dark Energy - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/196729/is-dark-energy-homogeneous-and-or-isotropic Quantum Field Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_field_theory Energy Density - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density Casimir Effect - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect Cosmological Constant Problem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant_problem Quintessence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessence_(physics) Renormalization Theory - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization Matter-Radiation Equality - Oxford Reference https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100140589 Cosmic Inflation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) Magnetic Monopole - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) Big Bang - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang Dark Energy - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy Heat Death - Wikipedia | |||
| 07 Nov 2020 | Phosphine and Glycine, two Biomolecules, were Discovered in Venus's Atmosphere; here is what that means: | 00:29:06 | |
For centuries, humans looked up at the brightest planet in our night sky and thought, “could someone be looking back at us?” Venus was always considered to be Earth’s twin sister; the two planets hold alike similar orbits, they are both within the general habitable zone of the Sun, they are both similar in size, mass, and of course gravity; wouldn’t it make sense that under those vibrant orange clouds, there would be another species of extraterrestrials. This is how we thought all the way until the 1960s, when the great planetary astronomer Carl Sagan discovered an immense greenhouse effect occurring on Venus. For the moment, our dreams of a great planetary partner world brimming with extraterrestrial life were diminished; still, there is a great phrase that goes as such: “there is always a way around everything.” It is possible that we may or may not have found how a hypothesized extraterrestrial found a way around Venus’s hellish conditions. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address listed below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Carl Sagan’s Discovery of the Hellish Conditions on Venus https://mashable.com/article/venus-life-theory-carl-sagan/ Current CO2 Prevalence in Earth’s Atmosphere Doubts and Controversy Surrounding This Discovery https://www.sciencenews.org/article/venus-phosphine-possible-sign-life-doubts-how-science-works Conflicting Evidence Detailed by the Discoverer Herself What is Phosphine? https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phosphine Discovery of Phosphine on Venus: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2009/2009.06499.pdf Discovery of Glycine on Venus: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06211 PBS Space Time Video (this video motivated me to learn more about this, and eventually, because I felt there was more that could be said, to make an episode surrounding it for myself) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nNdy-LJWNQs What Phosphine is Carl Sagan Research Paper Detailing Theoretical Life on Venus https://www.nature.com/articles/2151259a0 Wikipedia Page Detailing “Life on Venus” | |||
| 21 Nov 2020 | Why Does Mars Appear to Move Backward Over Some Nights? What is Retrograde Motion? | 00:25:20 | |
When the great Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy gazed at the heavens, he felt the particular curiosity many of us have come to know. He was exceptionally curious as to what caused the stars, the sun, the moon, and the planets to seem to rotate around Earth every night and day. This caused him to formulate the Ptolemaic Model of the Universe, otherwise known as the geocentric model of the universe. The geocentric model comprises our planet, Earth, in the center surrounded by the rotating heavens known as the celestial sphere. Everything, including the distant stars and planets, the sun, the other planets in the solar system, and everything else, revolved around planet Earth. The rotation of the heavenly bodies around Earth were said to be perfect circles in the Ptolemaic Model, but the problem with that was that the observational evidence didn’t align with the hypothesis. Ptolemy began watching how the sun, the moon, and the planets, at least from Earth, didn’t seem to be traveling in perfect circles. Observations made on planets perplexed him; some planets were seen to be reversing their course on some nights, and then resuming their course later on. In revising his model, he described what are known as epicycles and deferents. The epicycle is a small intermediate orbit whose center moves around the circumference of a larger orbit. This, of course, was wrong. With the heliocentric model, we now know that the apparent reverse motion of some of the sun, the moon, and the planets is a result of what is known as retrograde motion. In this episode, we will learn about what retrograde motion is and how it works. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below learningbywilliam@gmail.com References Ptolemaic Model of the Universe https://socratic.org/questions/how-did-ptolemy-s-model-account-for-retrograde-motion Ptolemaic Model of the Universe https://www.britannica.com/science/Ptolemaic-system Apparent Retrograde Motion + Great Animation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion Retrograde Motion https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/retrograde.htm Retrograde Motion | |||
| 24 Jul 2021 | What is Energy? | 00:23:42 | |
References: Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy Law of Conservation of Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy Isolated System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_system Time Translation Symmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry Noether’s Theorem - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s_theorem Conservative Force - Khan Academy Electronvolt - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt Potential Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy Kinetic Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy Mechanical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy Chemical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_energy Electrical Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_energy Thermal Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy Nuclear Energy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power Radiant Energy - Wikipedia | |||
| 27 Mar 2021 | What Types of Life Cycle Stars are There? | 00:33:59 | |
Chances are, you have seen the night sky before. Thou looketh to the Heavens: what does thou see? It is likely that one sees a few, or a few thousand, glimmering stars, some shining brighter than others; some orange, red, blue; some massive, some small; some luminous, some dim. It is likely that you have seen at least a somewhat dark night sky sometime in your past life, as I assume most of you have gone camping or hiking or biking, sometimes, or often if you are similar to I, during the night. In the Northern winter, the night sky is bedazzling your eyes with thousands of points of beauty, as it does in the summer. In the Northern winter, the brightest of the stars show their brilliance and luminance to our eyes; Sirius, Regulus, Adhara, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Aldebaran, Procyon, Capella, Bellatrix, Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka all showcase their complexion during these months. In the Northern summer, the Milky Way, the dense band of stars that appears to us as a glimmering wave of milk, conveys its own particular brilliance. In the Northern summer, the brilliantly-lit Deneb, Vega, Altair, Antares, Arcturus, Sadr, and the great stars of Sagittarius and Ursa Major dominate our vision. Upon seeing this prodigious assemblage of nuclear fusion, our brains begin to fail to understand the immensity of the universe in which we live. Even when gazing upon the meager 3,000 visible stars in our night sky, we are humbled by the formidable collection which exists above our heads. This episode and the subsequent episode delves deep into the great stellar immensities lying below our noses. References Main Sequence Star - Space.com https://www.space.com/22437-main-sequence-stars.html Main Sequence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence Asymptotic Giant Branch - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch Hypergiant Star - Wikipedia | |||
| 13 Feb 2021 | What Types of Galaxies are There? | 00:33:04 | |
For hundreds of thousands of years, humans have stared up at their night sky in spectacular wonder; lined with thousands of stars, some bright, some faint, and 5 particular wanderers we now know as planets, our human ancestors found great indulgence in the night sky. With the beautiful beams of light shining through the night, there exists another, less luminous band of haze that appears throughout the northern summer and a very faint band that appears throughout the northern winter. This diffuse and branching pattern of haze in the night sky came to be referred to in the western world as the Milky Way, whose name derived from a Greek myth about the Goddess Hera who sprayed milk, in meaning the haze of the Milky Way, throughout the night sky. In this episode, we shall discuss some of the many classifications of galaxies. References Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_galaxy Origin of Spiral Galaxies - ThoughtCo https://www.thoughtco.com/spiral-galaxies-3072049 Barred Spiral Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy Super Luminous Spiral Galaxy - The Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/817/2/109 Ring Galaxy - Universe Today https://www.universetoday.com/30697/ring-galaxy/ Elliptical Galaxy - Cosmos https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/elliptical+galaxy Shell Galaxy - Astronomy and Astrophysics https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2019/10/aa35968-19/aa35968-19.html Interacting Galaxies - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacting_galaxy Peculiar Galaxy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy Dwarf Galaxy | |||
| 21 Aug 2021 | What is Kinematics? | 00:37:30 | |
References: Intro. To Kinematics - PhysicsHigh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=198u1x8TBTo Kinematics in the Oxford Dictionary Kinematics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematics Direction Cosine - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_cosine Unit Vector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_vector Coordinate Vector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate_vector Position vs. (and) Displacement - cK-12 Position Vector - Story of Mathematics https://www.storyofmathematics.com/position-vector Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_system Non-Holonomic Constraint - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-holonomic_system Kinematic Coupling - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_coupling Cross Product - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_product Kinematic Pair - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematic_pair Kinematic Chain - Wikipedia | |||
| 04 Dec 2021 | What is Deep-Sky Astrophotography? | 00:35:34 | |
My Profile on Astrobin: https://www.astrobin.com/users/WilliamGott/ Starburst Galaxy (Taken by the President of our Astronomical Society) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/gek830/ Astrophotography - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography Milky Way Image (a Shot I Took) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/be7t7j/ Apochromatic Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apochromat Bino-Refractor that is $27,310 - Deep Space Products Field Flattener - Night Sky Pix https://nightskypix.com/what-does-a-field-flattener-do/ Petzval Lens - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_lens Newtonian Reflector - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Dolphin Nebula (Diffraction Spikes are Present on Stars) - Astrobin https://www.astrobin.com/zihlpc/ Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescope - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt%E2%80%93Cassegrain_telescope Telescope Pier - OPT Telescopes https://optcorp.com/collections/telescope-piers Planetarium Software - Wikipedia | |||
| 26 Dec 2020 | THREE New COVID-19 Variants, One of Them Officially Dubbed VUI-202012/01 or Lineage B.1.1.7, are Spreading Rampant in the United Kingdom- Here is What a New Strain Means for the Recovery and Vaccine | 00:26:55 | |
For the last year we have dealt with an oppressive pandemic that has forever altered our way of life. Typical work settings have evolved from offices to living rooms, typical five day school settings have become zoom calls, typical travel to other countries for vacations or jobs has become non-existent, and nearly 2 million people who have brothers, sisters, parents, children; who experienced love and hate, anger and excitement, fear and confidence, discomfort and pleasure, hunger and thirst, dreams and goals, have died from a deadly virus that continues to militate against us. In our struggle and obscurity, we have pursued a vaccine that we believe will save us from the oppression- the death, destruction, economic turmoil, and mental health collapse resulting from this virus could cede with one shot. Unfortunately, when it comes to creating vaccines, evolution does not help us. With rapidly reproducing viruses, mutations can be common, some of which are pointless, others of which are detrimental to the virus itself, and others of which make the viruses more infectious. As unfortunate as it is, a similar thing has happened to the virus we are currently living through, COVID-19. A new strain, officially known as VUI, which stands for “variant under investigation,” dash 202012/01, which stands for the first variant of COVID-19 under investigation in December of 2020, is ravaging Europe. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Information on the New Strain of Coronavirus (COVID-19) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VUI_%E2%80%93_202012/01 SARS-CoV-2 Variant - World Health Organization https://www.who.int/csr/don/21-december-2020-sars-cov2-variant-united-kingdom/en/ How do Viruses Mutate? Yale School of Medicine https://medicine.yale.edu/coved/modules/virus/evolution/ How SARS-CoV-2 Infects Cells https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Spike-Proteins.aspx Viruses and Evolution by Natural Selection https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/articles/viruses-and-evolution RNA Viruses https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/rna-viruses A Second New COVID-19 Strain! - Fox 2 Detroit https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/uk-health-officials-announce-2nd-new-covid-19-strain New COVID-19 Strain Arriving From South Africa - Aljazeera | |||
| 02 Jan 2021 | In the Middle Ages, Scientists Rebelled Against the Catholic Church to Advocate for their Discoveries- Here are a few Scientists whom the Catholic Church Prosecuted for Their Discoveries | 00:29:17 | |
In the 10,000-12,000 years since humans invented agriculture and settled down, autocracy, theocracy, aristocracy, and fascism have dominated civilizations. From the Greeks to the Romans to the French to the English to the Germans, a line of religious, spiritual, lineal, and political dictatorship occurred for the millennia. Only recently have we begun forcing out of the grips of control in order to achieve global democracy. In the thousands of years we have lived in civilizations, we have only begun to see the light at the end of the tunnel- the light of democracy is finally starting to shine upon us. In the many years of European, Asian, and Middle Eastern dictatorial rule, the greatest rebellions were inspired by the scientists; they were the ones who promoted new ideas and used their new understandings to take down dictators and forever alter religions. The scientists were the ones who risked their own execution while in the human pursuit of truth, who rebelled against the Catholic Church to promote heliocentrism, the correct science of the solar system, and who figured out processes that directly contradicted contemporary theistic belief yet still promoted them as fact. In this episode, we will cover 3 notable scientists whose advancements of science forced them into rebellion against the European Aristocracies and, most notably, the Catholic Church of Europe. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Galileo Galilei - A Biography by Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei Galileo Galilei - General Information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Encyclopedia - Cecco d’Ascoli https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/c/cecco_dascoli.html Very General Information on Cecco d’Ascoli https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecco_d%27Ascoli Acerba - Cecco d’Ascoli https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerba_(book) Science and the Catholic Church - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church Conflict Thesis Between Science and Religion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_thesis Giordano Bruno https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno Galileo’s Ship https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_ship Galileo Galilei - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/ | |||
| 23 Jan 2021 | What is the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics? | 00:32:29 | |
Physics has always existed as the horrible and confusing class that high school teenagers have to fight to survive through. It has existed as a unanimously difficult class with much room for confusion. Through my own experiences, I have observed that teenagers generally hate physics; they take the class for the credit it provides, but they often gain nothing from the class. Many go on to fail their physics classes, whether it is an AP class or a normal class. In this episode, we will look into the main interpretation comprising quantum mechanics, the Copenhagen Interpretation, and we will look into how all of it works. Brace yourselves as we attempt to understand one of the only indeterminist (not having cause) scientific concepts in existence, a concept that fundamentally rejects our natural understanding of patterns. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, please email me using the address provided: learningbywilliam@gmail.com Reference: Copenhagen Interpretation - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ Copenhagen Interpretation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation Bohr's Correspondence Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_principle Indeterminism in Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle Old Quantum Theory - University of California - Riverside https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/spin/node3.html Principle of Complementarity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity_(physics) Wave Function Collapse - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/35328/why-does-observation-collapse-the-wave-function Superposition - WhatIs.com https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/superposition Various Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics Universal Darwinism - Cambridge University Press | |||
| 10 Oct 2020 | The Theory of Evolution By Natural and Sexual Selection | 00:30:03 | |
For the third episode of Learning by William, we delve into theories comprising the biological law of evolution. The main theory is, of course, Darwinian Evolution (or Evolution by Natural Selection). In this episode, you will learn about the process of natural selection, along with real-life examples that could apply to you; additionally, you will learn about the process of sexual selection and how it applies to human mating rituals. Thank you all for listening to the third episode of the "Learning by William" podcast! I hope you all enjoy! If you have any questions, comments, critiques, or if you want to talk to me, please do email me using the address below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com Websites Used for Research: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-008-9925-3 (third law of biology) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/prokaryote https://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/first_life.html https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html http://www.mothscount.org/text/63/peppered_moth_and_natural_selection.html https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6731601/ https://www.ucsfhealth.org/education/hemoglobin-and-functions-of-iron https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/sexual-selection-13255240/ https://sciencing.com/peacocks-mate-4565678.html https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.1320 | |||
| 03 Apr 2021 | What Types of Extreme Stars are There in the Universe? | 00:36:45 | |
References White Dwarf - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/W/White+Dwarf White Dwarf - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf Electron Degeneracy Pressure - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/E/electron+degeneracy+pressure Pauli Exclusion Principle and Atomic Energy Levels - Khan Academy Orbital Energy States - LibreTexts How Long Does it Take for a White Dwarf to Become a Black Dwarf? - Astronomy Core Collapse - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/c/core-collapse Photodisintegration - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/P/Photodisintegration Types of Neutron Stars - Wikibooks https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pulsars_and_neutron_stars/Neutron_star_properties Hypothesized Magnetar Formation Process - European Southern Observatory https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1415/ Low Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/L/Low-mass+X-ray+Binaries High Mass X-Ray Binary - COSMOS https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/h/High-mass+X-ray+Binaries Neutron Stars - University of Maryland (touring this school in summer 2021) https://www.astro.umd.edu/~miller/nstar.html Quark Star - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_star | |||
| 17 Jul 2021 | What are Newton’s Laws of Motion? | 00:29:56 | |
References: Newton’s Laws of Motion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion Inertia - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia Galileo’s Law of Inertia (First Law of Motion) - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-inertia Inertial Frame of Reference - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference Momentum - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum Variable Mass System and the Second Law of Motion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-mass_system Newton’s Laws of Motion - NASA https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/ Reaction (in association with the third law of motion) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_(physics) Rigid Body - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_body Plasticity (in connection to deformable bodies) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticity_(physics) Superposition Principle (not quantum superposition) - Wikipedia | |||
| 22 May 2021 | Why do Women do Remarkably Better Than Men in School? Why do Men do Remarkably Better Than Women in the Office? | 00:29:33 | |
References: “Why Girls Beat Boys at School and Lose to Them at the Office” - The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/sunday/girls-school-confidence.html “Why Girls Tend to Get Better Grades Than Boys Do” - The Atlantic “Girls Make Higher Grades than Boys in All School Subjects, Analysis Finds” - Press Releases, American Psychological Association https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2014/04/girls-grades “Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in School Discipline among U.S. High School Students: 1991-2005” - National Institutes of Health https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678799/ Men are More Competitive Than Women - University of Amsterdam https://ase.uva.nl/content/news/2019/11/men-are-more-competitive-than-women-in-the-workplace.html?cb C-Suite Positions - Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/c-suite.asp Women C-Suite Job Proportions - Korn Ferry https://www.kornferry.com/insights/this-week-in-leadership/women-in-leadership-2019-statistics LinkedIn Study Reveals Why Men are More Likely Than Women to be Noticed - CNBC LinkedIn Study Results - HRDIVE Gender Inequality in the Workplace - Frontiers in Psychology https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400/full | |||
| 15 May 2021 | What is Thermodynamics? What are the Laws of Thermodynamics? | 00:28:49 | |
References: Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics Laws of Thermodynamics - KhanAcademy Latent Heat - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat Heat Capacity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity Why Does a Ball Bounce Lower? - StackExchange https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/117091/why-does-a-ball-bounce-lower Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics Closed System - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system#Closed_system First Law of Thermodynamics - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/50881-first-law-thermodynamics.html Thermodynamics - LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/50776-thermodynamics.html Second Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics Third Law of Thermodynamics - Wikipedia | |||
| 11 Dec 2021 | COVID-19 New Variant: A Case for "Cautious Optimism" With the Omicron Strain | 00:15:00 | |
The Omicron variant has caused considerable panic recently. Having many more mutations, a greater ability to reinfect, and potentially far more transmissibility, Omicron presents humanity with unprecedented danger. However, some recent developments may give us reason to be optimistic, not profoundly worried. In this episode, we present a speech discussing these stories and advocating "cautious optimism." References: (n.d.). Retrieved from https://osf.io/f7txy/ Miller, K. (2021, December 09). How Omicron Stacks Up Against the Delta Variant-Including Whether or Not We'll Need a New Vaccine. Retrieved from https://www.prevention.com/health/a38400888/omicron-vs-delta-covid-19-variant-comparison/ Pearson_Epidemics8_Omicron.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hA6Mec2Gq3LGqTEOj35RqSeAb_SmXpbI/view Person, & Lapid, N. (2021, December 04). Omicron variant may have picked up a piece of common-cold virus. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-variant-may-have-picked-up-piece-common-cold-virus-2021-12-03/ Regencia, T., Melimopoulos, E., & Ibrahim, A. (2021, December 03). WHO says Omicron detected in 38 countries, no deaths reported. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/3/new-york-becomes-fourth-us-state-to-confirm-omicron-live Situation Reports Obtained Through: Home - ProMED - ProMED-mail. (2020, December 10). Retrieved from https://promedmail.org/ Update on Omicron. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2021-update-on-omicron Image Obtained Through Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=covid-19&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image | |||
| 02 Oct 2021 | What is the History of European Art From the Medieval Era to the Neoclassical Era? - Part 2 | 00:47:10 | |
Reference Document: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_ukksVRRyYCZpgDqK2myH8ZnGWwgyNeFsWLPpI6Z8mM/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 13 Nov 2021 | What is the History of Literature? - Part 1 | 00:36:14 | |
References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 16 Oct 2021 | What is the History of Modern Art? - Part 1 | 00:37:27 | |
Reference Doc (use to see paintings as I mention them): https://docs.google.com/document/d/188UiFP_rpZmKeU0Mq-D_OxroE-BB9KtSJPYZbCn0_iY/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 04 Sep 2021 | What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 2 | 00:29:07 | |
Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 20 Mar 2021 | What is Supersymmetry? What is a Sfermion? | 00:31:08 | |
As I was interested in the topic of supersymmetry, I decided to add it to the list of chapter nodes, this one being chapter 26. As I assume is known, today, the concept that is to be understood is the concept of supersymmetry and its role in physics, astronomy, and quantum mechanics. References Supersymmetry - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry Bosonic Quantum States - StackExchange Supersymmetry - CERN https://home.cern/science/physics/supersymmetry Fermion - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion Boson - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson Anthropic Principle - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle Attempting to Observe Superpartners at CERN - uchicago news https://news.uchicago.edu/story/search-lifetime-supersymmetric-particles-cern | |||
| 28 Nov 2020 | The Arecibo Radio Telescope, the Largest Operational Radio Telescope in the World, is Being Decommissioned | 00:25:36 | |
In Arecibo, Puerto Rico lies a great radio telescope. For 53 years, the Arecibo observatory had been the largest radio telescope on the planet, and was the largest operational radio telescope in the world for all but 10 months of its existence. Constructed in 1963, the impressively massive 305 meter (1000 foot) radio telescope helped stage significant advances in the astronomical sciences. Arecibo remained the prime telescope of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) and METI (Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelligence) projects, both initially formulated by NASA but later formed into a nonprofit organization. The Arecibo Observatory, without a doubt, is the most famous radio telescope on the planet, having been featured in popular novels like Contact by Carl Sagan (which is my favorite book, by the way) and in popular movies like Contact (again, by Carl Sagan, and again, also my favorite movie) and James Bond, and in popular TV shows like The X-Files. The Arecibo Observatory lives in fame for its astonishing contributions to the advancement of the astronomical sciences, but it appears that all great things come to an end. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or corrections, email me using the address provided below: learningbywilliam@gmail.com References: Information About the Arecibo Radio Telescope https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory News Article Detailing the Planned Demolition of the Arecibo https://www.space.com/arecibo-observatory-radio-telescope-to-be-destroyed NYT Article on the Arecibo Observatory - for all my New York Times Lovers https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/science/arecibo-observatory.html Detailing the Arecibo Message https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecibo_message Article on Damage That Occurred Earlier in the Year at Arecibo | |||
| 06 Nov 2021 | What are the Foundational Concepts of Quantum Mechanics? - Part 2 | 00:38:36 | |
References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/149eB9PG1d3rLXETpWCBK_YBFQMMVNyXLWXR4h_jLW6U/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 11 Sep 2021 | What is the History of Art From Prehistory to Antiquity? - Part 3 | 00:35:49 | |
As this episode is being published on 9/11, let's all take a moment to appreciate our dauntless first responders, many of whom lost their lives fighting terrorism on that wretched day. Let the pulchritudinous unity following the attacks be a symbol for our nation and our world's unending struggle toward unity. Long list of references that may be used while listening to the podcast: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_jfIyFZ0nEzQM8AgSKo4ph66bBt6LmSjoGp-6JTMrt4/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 20 Nov 2021 | What is the History of Literature? - Part 2 | 00:27:23 | |
References: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GevT2W-HwTFphiWe_iitjmpteGMTcggQOhuep_Dhcjw/edit?usp=sharing | |||
| 14 Aug 2021 | What is Special Relativity? | 00:34:59 | |
References: Relativity (Einstein) - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity Special Relativity - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity Two Postulates of Special Relativity - Lumen Learning https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/28-1-einsteins-postulates/ Lorentz Transformation - Virginia Tech https://www1.phys.vt.edu/~takeuchi/relativity/notes/section08.html Galilean Transformation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_transformation Lorentz Factor - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_factor Time Dilation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation Twin Paradox - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_paradox Length Contraction - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction Length Contraction - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction Relativistic Velocity-Addition - OpenStax https://openstax.org/books/college-physics/pages/28-4-relativistic-addition-of-velocities Mass-Energy Equivalence - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence Energy-Momentum Relation - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%E2%80%93momentum_relation | |||
| 18 Dec 2021 | The Right to Privacy and the Abortion Debate | 00:52:12 | |
We discuss the right to privacy and its basis (Louis Brandeis), the justification for the right, the constitutional basis for abortion in Roe v. Wade, the two arguments regarding abortion (moral and constitutional approaches), along with the doctrines of stare decisis, selective incorporation, the "right to be left alone," substantive due process, equal protection of the laws, and undue burden. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_to_Privacy_(article) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights#Selective_versus_total_incorporation https://www.oyez.org/cases/1991/91-744 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960/60 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1964/496 https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/19-1392 https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/268us652 https://www.oyez.org/cases/2019/17-1618 | |||