Communicable (CMI Communications)

In honour of International Women's Day, Communicable releases the first of a two-part special on gender dynamics within the fields of infectious diseases and clinical microbiology. Moderated by Angela Huttner, part 1 focuses on the women's perspectives, featuring CMI Comms editors Erin McCreary, Annie Joseph, and Huttner herself, who together reflect on personal experiences of gender bias in the workplace. They discuss differential (mis)treatment, break down common gendered situations in the workplace, and explore what individuals, institutes and society can do to promote a more inclusive, supportive environment for all. Editors Marc Bonten, Josh Davis, Navaneeth Narayanan and Thomas Tängdén of CMI Comms also join for part 1.

Several publications have described wondrous therapeutic effects of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) on Clostridioides difficile infection. Yet the recent randomised trial assessing FMT in US veterans was terminated early for futility. In this episode, hosts Angela Huttner and Marc Bonten delve into the history, application, and complexities of FMT with experts Maria Vehreschild (Frankfurt University Hospital, Germany) and Dimitri Drekonja (Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Care System and University of Minnesota, US), who led the US trial. From the regulatory challenges and trial nuances to important new research, this conversation sheds light on a potentially revolutionary yet controversial treatment. 

Episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Arjana Zerja (Mother Theresa University Hospital Centre, Tirana, Albania).

Other mentions:

• EurFMT
• European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare. Guide to the quality and safety of tissues and cells for human application. vol. 5th ed. EDQM Council of Europe; 2022. https://freepub.edqm.eu/publications/17/detail 

Literature

• Drekonja DM et al (2024) Clin Infect Dis, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciae467

Rising anti-vaccine sentiment and dissemination of misinformation are threats to public health. In the US, calls to revoke certain public health mandates have been proposed by likely members of the incoming administration, among them vaccination against polio. The fourth instalment of the Nightmare Series is both a cautionary tale and an effort to preserve and share clinical expertise on how to diagnose and manage polio and rubella in a world where, until now, few doctors have had to face these illnesses in the clinical setting. Host Angela Huttner welcomes Professor Emeritus of Infectious Diseases Bernard Hirschel at the University of Geneva and Dr. Kerrigan McCarthy of the Centre for Vaccines and Immunology at South Africa’s National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) for that discussion.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Barbora Píšová in Antwerp, Belgium.

Literature

Link-Gelles R et al (2022) MMWR https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7133e2.htm 

Ryerson AB et al (2022) MMWR https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7144e2.htm 

Kasstan B et al (2023) Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S0950268823001127

NICD (2024) Report: Rubella in South Africa, 2024.

https://www.nicd.ac.za/surge-in-rubella-cases-in-south-africa-november-2024/

The topic of climate change can engender a ‘doom and gloom’ narrative, as many climate and health consequences are already manifesting. Our host, Dr. Navaneeth Narayanan is joined by two ID physicians passionate about climate change and sustainable clinical practice, Dr. Shreya Doshi (Washington DC, US) and Dr. Laura Jung (Leipzig, Germany). Together they discuss new trends in infectious diseases observed in clinical practice as a direct consequence of climate change, including how tropical diseases are not so tropical anymore. They also outline ways individual clinicians and hospitals can be more sustainable and offer additional resources for the listeners (see below).  

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Dr. Loora Grünvald of the University of Tartu, Estonia. 

Literature

• Mora C et al. Nat Clim Chang (2022). doi: 10.1038/s41558-022-01426-1
• Doshi S et al. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc (2023). doi: 10.1093/jpids/piae029
• Hofmeister RJ et al. OFID (2024). doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae368 
• Judson SD et al. OFID (2024). doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofae691
• Jung L et al. Lancet Planet Health (2023). 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00253-4
• UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance 2024 https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2024/09/26/default-calendar/un-general-assembly-high-level-meeting-on-antimicrobial-resistance-2024 

 Additional resources

• Lancet countdown on health and climate change  https://www.thelancet.com/countdown-health-climate
• Medicine for a changing planet https://www.medicineforachangingplanet.org/
• Rx for climate https://www.rxforclimate.org/

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) affect millions globally daily, and multidrug-resistant strains are complicating treatment. Hosts Angela Huttner and Josh Davis welcome experts Dr. Teodora Elvira Wi from WHO and Professor Catriona Bradshaw from Monash University to discuss critical issues surrounding ‘super gonorrhoea,’ chlamydia, syphilis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and bacterial vaginosis. The episode reviews the latest epidemiology and highlights the need to innovate diagnostics and treatment options, destigmatise STIs, and promote people-centred healthcare strategies to manage and prevent these infections. 

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Arjana Zerja of Mother Theresa University Hospital Centre, Tirana, Albania.  

Literature:

Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

Chris Kenyon et al. on screening impact for gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections in key populations The Lancet HIV 2024.

On the verge of a post-antibiotic reality, there is an urgent clinical need for new antibiotics. Luckily, new candidates are in the pipeline and older agents are getting a second breath of life through combination therapy. 

In this episode of Communicable, host Erin McCreary invites Dr. Markus Zeitlinger of the University of Vienna (Austria) and scientific expert for the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Dr. Michael Dudley, president and CEO of Qpex Biopharma, to discuss antimicrobials in the clinical development pipeline.  Together they unpack how the WHO curate the priority list of pathogens and how companies adapt such lists into their antimicrobial development business plans. They also discuss the unique challenges and complexities of developing antibiotics, from return on investments and defining the ‘novelty’ of an agent to the conundrum of balancing post-market approval and antimicrobial stewardship. Beta-lactamase inhibitors and oral carbapenems in the pipeline targeting ‘the big three’ (Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter) are the primary focus.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Benjamin Berinson of the Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Germany. For more information on the WHO Priority Pathogens List and its 2024 update, check out our previous episode, Communicable E3 (see Literature). 

Literature 

Communicable E3 - The New WHO Priority Pathogens List: which bugs to target first? 17 June 2024. https://communicable.transistor.fm/episodes/communicable-e3-the-new-who-priority-pathogens-list-which-bacteria-to-target-first 

WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 17 May 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240093461 

C. Le Terrier et al, NDM-9 resistance to taniborbactam. Lancet Infect Dis 23, 401-402 (2023). doi 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00069-5     

P. B. Eckburg et al, Oral Tebipenem Pivoxil Hydrobromide in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection. N Engl J Med 386, 1327-1338 (2022). doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2105462 

A Study of Oral Tebipenem Pivoxil Hydrobromide (TBP-PI-HBr) Compared to Intravenous Imipenem-cilastatin in Participants With Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (cUTI) or Acute Pyelonephritis (AP) (PIVOT-PO). https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06059846

Meiji Seika Pharma Initiated the Global Phase III Clinical Trials of OP0595, a Novel beta-Lactamase Inhibitor for Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Tokyo: Meiji Seika Pharma Ltd; 26 April 2023. https://www.meiji.com/global/news/2023/pdf/230426_01.pdf

Despite being preventable and curable, tuberculosis remains a major global health threat, infecting over 10 million people and claiming more than 1 million lives every year. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Navaneeth Narayanan discuss tuberculosis with experts Lorenzo Guglielmetti of Doctors without Borders and Olha Konstantynovska of Kharkiv National University, Ukraine. Key topics include the history, transmission, and pathophysiology of tuberculosis, as well as current diagnostic challenges and treatments for drug-resistant strains. The conversation highlights Lorenzo's work on the endTB project and Olha's experiences managing tuberculosis during the war in Ukraine. Despite advancements in treatment, the episode underscores the urgent need for political will and funding to combat this global health threat.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Dr. Maria Ana de Quadros Flores e Santos of Unidade Local de Saude Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.

Abbreviations and terminology used in this episode:

• MSF: Médecins sans Frontières, or Doctors without Borders (msf.org)
• FIND: Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (www.finddx.org)
• ‘Intoxication symptoms’ are synonymous with ‘constitutional symptoms’ or ‘B symptoms’ of tuberculosis and include fever, night sweats, and unintentional weight loss. 

Literature:

• endTB Project
• Annual global tuberculosis report by WHO 2024 
• Dorman SE, et al. Four-Month Rifapentine Regimens with or without Moxifloxacin for Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2021 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033400
• Guglielmetti L, et al. Oral Regimens for Rifampin-Resistant, Fluoroquinolone-Susceptible Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2025 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2400327

Substandard and falsified (SF) antimicrobials are a neglected global health problem and have been implicated as drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Substandard medicines are authorized medical products that fail to meet either their quality standards or their specifications, whereas falsified medicines are those that deliberately and fraudulently misrepresent their identity, composition or source. Host Angela Huttner is joined by Pernette Bourdillon Esteve, Technical Officer for the World Health Organization’s Substandard/falsified Medical Products group, and Ben Cooper, epidemiologist at Oxford University and head of its Drug-Resistant Infection and Disease Dynamics (DRIaDD), to explore the effects of SF antimicrobials on people and AMR.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Arjana Zerja of Mother Teresa University Hospital in Tirana, Albania.

Literature

Cavany S et al.  Nat Commun 14, 6153 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41542-w

WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for substandard and falsified medical products (2017). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513425 

CMI Communications editors Angela Huttner, Marc Bonten, and Erin McCreary discuss late-breaker clinical trials presented at ESCMID Global (ECCMID) in Barcelona, providing insights into the trials’ designs, results, and implications. The DOTS trial compared two doses of long-acting dalbavancin to standard of care in patients with complicated S. aureus bacteremia. GAME-CHANGER compared cefiderocol to standard of care for gram-negative infections. PediCAP compared oral step-down therapy with amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid at shorter durations to the current WHO-recommended standard of five days of intravenous antibiotic therapy in children with severe pneumonia. Additional results from the MULTICAP and CLEEN trials, the CAMERA-2 follow-on in vitro analysis, and the Burkina Faso Escherichia coli transmission study are also discussed. Episode peer-reviewed by Dr. Yousra Kherabi.

The current H5N1 avian flu outbreak in poultry and dairy cows in the US has raised the alarm on bird flu and its transmission risk across species. At present, the virus has infected 100 million birds across 48 states and 196 dairy herds across 14 states. Luckily, the H5N1 avian flu, which is very lethal in birds, does not transmit easily into humans nor does it generally cause severe and systemic symptoms when humans are infected. Still, workers most exposed to these infected animals are testing positive with 14 human cases reported so far since 2022. 

In this Communicable episode, hosts Angela and Nav are joined by avian flu expert Ron Fouchier (Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Netherlands) to discuss the most recent developments of the outbreak in the US and the potential risks H5N1 virus poses to humans. Understanding of the virus from its first reported outbreak in Hong Kong in 1997 to its global prevalence today is reviewed. While H5N1 bird flu does not pose as a global human health concern at present, unchecked practices in the dairy, meat, and agricultural industry sectors, in which workers are exposed to the virus, threaten to change the status quo. Learn why the threat is even more paramount in fall when human influenza or seasonal flu is widespread, and to what extent the government should also be involved in prevention and containment measures before it becomes, in Ron’s words, another “missed opportunity.”          

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Simon Galmiche of the Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.

Literature

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). H5 Bird Flu: Current Situation. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary 

The last episode of the year carries a special end-of-year message from the CMI Comms editors and replays the very first episode of Communicable aired on 10 May 2024, in which editors Angela Huttner, Marc Bonten, and Erin McCreary discuss late-breaker clinical trials presented at ESCMID Global 2024 in Barcelona, providing insights into the trials’ designs, results, and implications. The DOTS trial compared two doses of long-acting dalbavancin to standard of care in patients with complicated S. aureus bacteraemia. GAME-CHANGER compared cefiderocol to standard of care for Gram-negative infections. PediCAP compared oral step-down therapy with amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid at shorter durations to the current WHO-recommended standard of five days of intravenous antibiotic therapy in children with severe pneumonia. Additional results from the MULTICAP and CLEEN trials, the CAMERA-2 follow-on in vitro analysis, and the Burkina Faso Escherichia coli transmission study are also discussed. This episode was peer-reviewed by Dr. Yousra Kherabi (Clinical Trials Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Cité, Paris; and Université Paris Cité, Inserm, IAME, Paris, France).

Once considered endemic only to tropical and subtropical climates such as Southeast Asia and northern Australia, melioidosis is expanding to non-endemic areas such as the southern US. Climate change is impacting infectious diseases, melioidosis being no exception. Now is the time to inform and prepare: as this Communicable episode’s title indicates, melioidosis is going global.

Join hosts Angela Huttner and Josh Davis on their in-depth exploration of melioidosis with invited experts Dr. Ella Meumann and Prof. Bart Currie from Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia. Topics range from melioidosis discovery, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches and host risk factors to the disease’s expanding endemicity.

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the sapronotic agent Burkholderia pseudomallei and contracted by both people and animals through direct contact with contaminated soil, air or waters. Current burden estimates of 169’000 cases and 89’000 deaths per year are thought to be grossly underreported due to limited access to laboratory diagnostics and lack of clinical awareness. Experts call for melioidosis to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease in order to give this disease the urgent attention and resources it deserves.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Goulia Ohan of Yerevan State Medical University, Armenia.

Literature 

Meumann EM and Currie BJ. Approach to melioidosis. CMI Comms 2024;1(1). doi: 10.1016/j.cmicom.2024.100008 

Savelkoel J, Dance D. Alfred Whitmore and the Discovery of Melioidosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(4):752-756. doi:10.3201/eid3004.230693 

Limmathurotsakul D, Wongsuvan G, Aanensen D et al. Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(2):265-268. doi: 10.3201/eid2002.121891 

Petras JK, Elrod MG, Ty MC, et al. Locally acquired melioidosis linked to environment—Mississippi, 2020-2023. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2355-2362. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2306448

Howes M and Currie BJ. Melioidosis and Activation from Latency: The “Time Bomb” Has Not Occurred. ASTMH. 28 May 2024;111(1): 156-160. doi 10.4269/ajtmh.24-0007

In this episode, hosts Josh Davis (Newcastle, Australia) and Angela Huttner (Geneva, Switzerland) interview the phage ‘microbiologist-clinician duo’, Drs. Shawna McCallin and Lorenz Leitner (Balgrist Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland). They explore the history of phages, the process of bringing phage therapy to a patient, potential resistance to phages, availability of individualized therapy versus phage cocktails, and the place of phage therapy in the future. Drs. Leitner and McCallin reflect on the challenges and lessons of their recently published randomized trial comparing phage therapy to antibiotics for urinary tract infection. Episode peer-reviewed by Dr. Olivia Funk of Long Island University. 

Literature

Leitner L, Ujmajuridze A, Chanishvili N et al.  Intravesical bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;21(3):427-436. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30330-3. 

The market of predatory publishing is as lucrative as it is unethical. Predatory journals are disguised as legitimate entities, and prey on both early-career academics and the naïve. In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Marc Bonten are joined by Editors-in-chief Ursula Hofer (Lancet Infect Dis) and Leonard Leibovici (CMI) to discuss the various schemes of the ‘Wild West’ of publishing, and how to avoid them. 

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Özlem Türkmen Recen, Izmir Public Health Laboratory, Izmir, Türkiye.

Literature 

Research4Life https://www.research4life.org/ 

Benedictus R et al. Nature 2016 https://www.nature.com/articles/538453a

Communicable returns to the topic of gender dynamics in medicine in the second half of this special. This round, Angela Huttner wants to hear from the men, CMI Comms editors Marc Bonten, Josh Davis, Navaneeth Narayanan and Thomas Tängdén, about tackling issues like the evolving expectations at home and work, the impact of parental-leave policies, and the systemic biases that continue to shape careers. Personal anecdotes and reflections highlight both the progress made and the hurdles that still exist in striving for true gender equity in the medical profession. Editors Erin McCreary and Annie Joseph of CMI Comms also participate in the discussion, with Annie sharing an interesting follow-up to her story told in part 1.

Carbapenemase producers are a nightmare for clinicians. Not only are they resistant to carbapenems, a last resort β-lactam antibiotic, they are notorious for developing multidrug and pandrug resistances resulting in limited to no treatment options.  In this episode of Communicable, hosts Angela Huttner and Thomas Tängdén sit down with Dr. David Paterson (National University of Singapore) and Dr. Souha Kanj (American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon), two ID physicians from regions where carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae or CRE, and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter are widespread.  The episode begins with the history and emergence of CRE and reviews current epidemiology, diagnosis (including the Ambler classification of β-lactamases) and treatment options. Lessons and insights from personal experiences are shared to reflect the current clinical challenges caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria and the importance of infection prevention and control measures to mitigate further spread.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Filippo Medioli of Policlinico di Modena, Italy. For more related content on the WHO Priority Pathogens List and new antibiotics in the pipeline, check out our previous episodes, Communicable E3 and E10 (see Literature).

Literature 

Communicable E3 - The New WHO Priority Pathogens List: which bugs to target first? June 2024. https://communicable.transistor.fm/episodes/communicable-e3-the-new-who-priority-pathogens-list-which-bacteria-to-target-first 

Communicable E10 - Pipeline update: new antibiotics & other antimicrobials that you might actually use. Sep 2024. https://communicable.transistor.fm/episodes/communicable-e10-pipeline-update-new-antibiotics-other-antimicrobials-that-you-might-actually-use 

Wagenlehner FM, et al. Cefepime-Taniborbactam in Complicated Urinary Tract Infection. N Engl J Med 2024 Feb. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2304748

Cohn J, et al. Accelerating antibiotic access and stewardship: a new model to safeguard public health. Lancet Infect Dis 2024 Sep. doi:  10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00070-7

Timsit JF, et al. When should I start broad-spectrum antibiotics? Intensive Care Med 2024 Sep. doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07654-7 

Paterson DL. Antibacterial agents active against Gram Negative Bacilli in phase I, II, or III clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024 Apr. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2326028 

Responsible for 1.3 million deaths and 2.2 million new infections per year, viral hepatitis is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst all infectious diseases, just behind tuberculosis. 

Hosts Angela Huttner and Oana Sandulescu welcome special guest and leading hepatitis expert, Professor Mojca Matičič, MD, PhD (Ljubljana, Slovenia), to refresh your knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatitis B & C infections, review the latest direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies, map out some countries’ successful elimination initiatives, and understand challenges remaining for others.

In recognition of World Hepatitis Day this Sunday, 28 July, a day dedicated to raising awareness about viral hepatitis, we are releasing our latest episode a few days early. The World Hepatitis Day theme this year is: it’s time for action! The Communicable team urges our listeners to inform themselves and others, and to test, treat, and vaccinate against viral hepatitis. 

This episode was peer reviewed by Dr. Liem Luong of CIC Cochin Pasteur, Hôpital Cochin-Port Royal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.

Literature

World Hepatitis Day 2024: It’s time for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-hepatitis-day/2024

“WHO sounds alarm on viral hepatitis infections claiming 3500 lives each day.”  Geneva: World Health Organization; 9 April 2024. https://www.who.int/news/item/09-04-2024-who-sounds-alarm-on-viral-hepatitis-infections-claiming-3500-lives-each-day 
 

Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. doi: 10.2471/B09024. 

The European Association of the Study of the Liver (EASL). EASL Congress Milan, Italy 5-8 June 2024. https://www.easlcongress.eu/ 

ESCMID. Cutting Edge Insights into Viral Hepatitis: Recent Scientific Breakthroughs and Clinical Updates. Lund, Sweden 13-14 June 2024. https://www.escmid.org/event-detail/cutting-edge-insights-into-viral-hepatitis-recent-scientific-breakthroughs-and-clinical-updates/ 

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). ECDC Evidence brief: Prevention of hepatitis B and C in the EU/EEA. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024.

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis C. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2022. Stockholm: ECDC; 2024.

Burnet Institute and Kirby Institute. Australia’s progress towards hepatitis C elimination: annual report 2022. Melbourne: Burnet Institute; 2022.

Maticic M, Pirnat Z, Leicht A, et al. The civil society monitoring of hepatitis C response related to the WHO 2030 elimination goals in 35 European countries. Harm Reduct J. 2020 Nov 19;17(1):89. doi: 10.1186/s12954-020-00439-3 

Hosts Angela Huttner & Erin McCreary welcome Prof. David Paterson (Singapore) and Prof. Josh Davis (Newcastle, Australia) to discuss the design and results of the BLING-3 trial, which compared continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics to standard intermittent dosing in 7000 critically ill patients across 104 intensive-care units. In unadjusted analyses, the trial did not show a statistically significant mortality benefit with continuous infusion. Yet in prespecified adjusted analyses, there was a statistically significant reduction in mortality, and a meta-analysis of randomized trials published simultaneously with the BLING-3 trial showed the same. As the two ID doctors on the BLING team, Profs. Paterson and Davis offer context and insights into what these results mean and how they might affect your clinical practice. Episode peer-reviewed by Dr. Mia Lidén of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. 

Literature

• BLING-1: Dulhunty et al. Continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics in severe sepsis: a multicenter double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jan;56(2):236-44. DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis856
• BLING-2: Dulhunty et al. A Multicenter Randomized Trial of Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec 1;192(11):1298-305. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201505-0857OC
• BLING-3: Dulhunty et al. Continuous vs Intermittent β-Lactam Antibiotic Infusions in Critically Ill Patients With Sepsis: The BLING III Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024 Jun 12:e249779.DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.9779
• Meta-analysis: Abdul-Aziz et al. Prolonged vs Intermittent Infusions of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Adults With Sepsis or Septic Shock: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA. 2024 Jun 12:e249803. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.9803

The ‘I’ (intermediate susceptibility) in a EUCAST-guided antibiogram never meant impending resistance to your antibiotic. It was never meant to make you find the one ‘S’ (invariably a carbapenem) and use it instead—even if many clinicians did. 

In this episode of Communicable, hosts Marc Bonten and Angela Huttner welcome Profs. Christian Giske (outgoing chair) and Sören Gatermann (newly elected chair) of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) to discuss its recent updates, including the new ‘susceptible dose dependent’ (SDD) label, and to shed light on common misconceptions around the way it sets breakpoints. Breakpoints for Pseudomonas aeruginosa are discussed, as are intravenous fosfomycin’s ‘disappearance’ from the breakpoints table and EUCAST’s new guidance on it. Episode peer-reviewed by Dr. Suzanne van Asten of Radboud University Medical Center.

Literature:
The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST): https://www.eucast.org/

EUCAST guidance on use of fosfomycin i.v. breakpoints:
https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Guidance_documents/Use_of_fosfomycin_iv_breakpoints_General_advice_20240528.pdf

In vitro synergy between fosfomycin and ceftazidime/avibactam:
Kroemer, Martens, Decousser et al. Evaluation of in vitro pharmacodynamic drug interactions of ceftazidime/avibactam and fosfomycin in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023 Oct 3;78(10):2524-2534. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkad264

What are WHO's most wanted bacterial pathogens in 2024? Hosts Angela Huttner & Oana Sandulescu welcome guests Dr. Hatim Sati of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Dr. Erin Duffy (CARB-X) to discuss WHO’s new Priority Pathogens List. Developed by WHO and a panel of global experts, the List identifies the ‘top’ bacteria for which research & development are of critical, high, and medium priority, and thus serves as a framework for resource allocation and public-policy guidance. Episode peer-reviewed by Dr. Galadriel Pellejero of Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain. 

Literature:

WHO bacterial priority pathogens list, 2024: Bacterial pathogens of public health importance to guide research, development and strategies to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance.

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240093461

ESCMID Global, ESCMID’s flagship congress, kicks off this Friday in Vienna. In light of that, Angela Huttner and Thomas Tängdén sit down with ESCMID leadership, President Robert Skov and Immediate-Past President Annelies Zinkernagel in this episode of Communicable. Together they discuss the roles of medical societies like ESCMID in shaping healthcare policy, the importance of scientific communication, and lessons learned from the COVID pandemic. The conversation highlights ESCMID’s priorities for the future on addressing antimicrobial resistance, fostering international collaboration and new educational initiatives. The episode also features personal anecdotes about what makes coming together at ESCMID Global so special. Tune in for a comprehensive look at how ESCMID is championing medical progress in infection for a healthier tomorrow.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and not peer reviewed.

References

• Global impact of US policy changes: The ESCMID perspective. CMI Comms 2025;2(2): 105073.
• Malani AN, Sharland M, Clancy CJ, Skov R, ESCMID & IDSA Executive Boards. A global call to action to fight antimicrobial resistance: IDSA and ESCMID joint white paper. CMI Comms 2024; 1(2): 105033.
• Baghdadi JD & Morgan DJ. Diagnostic tests should be assessed for clinical impact. CMI Comms 2024; 1(2): 105010.

Wastewater surveillance is a powerful epidemiological tool that “mirrors our life,” and has gained wide attention in recent years due to its application during the COVID-19 pandemic. The hosts this week, Drs. Navaneeth Narayanan and Emily McDonald, are joined by two wastewater surveillance experts, Dr. Nasreen Hassoun-Kheir of Geneva University Hospitals, a WHO Collaborating Centre on antimicrobial resistance (AMR), as well as Professor David Graham of Newcastle University, United Kingdom, to discuss how this surveillance method—as well as a multidisciplinary approach—are central to understanding community health, infection control and pandemic preparedness.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer reviewed by Dr. James Donnelly of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin, Ireland.

Literature

UN Environment Programme (UNEP), Bracing for superbugs (2023) https://www.unep.org/resources/superbugs/environmental-action 

Hassoun-Kheir N, et al. EMBRACE-WATERS statement (2021). doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100339

Hassoun-Kheir N, et al. Systematic review (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140804

Trask JD, et al. (1942). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2135222/

Chapters

• (00:00) - Introduction
• (03:03) - Icebreaker question
• (08:33) - What is wastewater surveillance (WWS)?
• (12:47) - How does WWS relate to infection surveillance?
• (16:57) - WWS & pandemic preparedness
• (21:09) - Is the data accessible to the public?
• (25:10) - WWS uses in healthcare settings & mass health: what it can and cannot answer
• (43:00) - What's next for WWS: experts' picks
• (48:33) - Take-home messages

Enterococci are commensal microbes, part of the healthy microflora populating the human gut. But they are also opportunistic pathogens and notorious nosocomial agents with intrinsic traits that promote their pathogenesis and make them difficult to kill. In the third instalment of the Nightmare Series, hosts Angela Huttner and Thomas Tängdén are joined by enterococcal experts Kimberly Kline (University of Geneva) and Louis Rice (Brown University) to discuss what make vancomycin-resistant enterococci, or VRE, such a clinical nightmare. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the focus.

This episode was edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Nunzia Esposito of the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

Literature 

Stellfox ME et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 14 Feb 2024. doi: 10.1128/mbio.03396-23 

Rogers R & Rice LB. Clin Infect Dis 15 Jan 2024. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad613

Lebreton F et al. Cell 18 May 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.027

Donskey CJ et al. N Engl J Med 28 Dec 2000. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200012283432604

Only known to us since 2008, Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen spreading quickly around the world; alarmingly, it is most commonly found in healthcare settings. C. auris sets itself apart from other Candida species with its unique tolerance to high saline and temperature environments and propensity to develop antifungal resistances that promote its survival in hospitals and healthcare facilities. 

Hosts Emily McDonald and Navaneeth Narayanan are joined by fungal experts Dr. Jeffrey Rybak (St. Jude, Memphis TN) and Dr. Graham Snyder (UPMC, Pittsburgh PA) on their quest to better understand C. auris infections, the clinical challenges and knowledge gaps in C. auris research and discuss measures for prevention and containment on the levels of both the patient and the institution. 

The recent emergence of C. auris as a multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen and its global prevalence has raised more questions than answers. Why now? Why healthcare facilities? Does climate change play a role? Are humans to blame? Tune in to find out what the experts have to say on these questions, and stay to learn about the current therapies available, what is in the antifungal pipeline and how to approach treatment from a stewardship standpoint.

This episode was produced by Angela Huttner, edited by Kathryn Hostettler and peer-reviewed by Dr. Claudio Neidhöfer of University Hospital Bonn, Germany.

Literature

Satoh K, Makimura K, Hasumi Y, et al. Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital. Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Jan;53(1):41-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x

Lee WG, Shin JH, Uh Y, et al. First three reported cases of nosocomial fungemia caused by Candida auris. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Sep;49(9):3139-42. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00319-11

Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ, Turnidge JD, et al. Twenty Years of the SENTRY Antifungal Surveillance Program: Results for Candida Species From 1997–2016. OFID. 2019 March;6(S1): S79–S94. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy358

Lockhart SR, Etienne KA, Vallabhaneni S, et al. Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):134-140. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw691.

Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Emergence of Candida auris: An International Call to Arms. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):141-143. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw696

Rybak JM, Cuomo CA, Rogers PD. The molecular and genetic basis of antifungal resistance in the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2022 Dec;70:102208. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102208