Physics to God (Aaron Zimmer and Elie Feder)

This episode discusses the Eternal Inflation Multiverse - the strongest support from modern
physics for an infinite multiverse. This support comes from the theory of inflation and, in
particular, from a model for this theory known as eternal inflation.
By the time we’re done, you’ll have a basic idea of the theory of inflation and its various models,
and see to what extent eternal inflation supports the infinite multiverse premise and doesn’t
support the varied multiverse premise. And, you’ll learn a lot of fascinating physics along the
way!

TIMESTAMPS:

0:00 - Opening

1:32 - Introduction

2:18 - The Theory of Inflation

11:09 - Models of Inflation

16:58 - Eternal Inflation

21:43 - Problems with Eternal Inflation

25:06 - Inflationary Multiverse

29:26 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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In this episode, we move on from the fine tuning argument which focused on the quantities in the laws of nature (such as how big an electron is) and turn to the design of the qualitative laws of nature themselves (like the law of gravity that all masses attract). We present a design argument from physics and argue that the qualitative laws of physics, quantum mechanics and general relativity, exhibit clear signs of being designed. 

Once again, we do not argue about science, as the intelligent design argument does in biology. Rather we accept the scientific position about the laws of physics and only argue about the proper philosophical conclusion to be inferred from these laws. This leads to an independent support for the existence of an intelligent cause of our universe.

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

In previous episodes, we discussed the multiverse's sole "prediction" that we are typical
observers in a typical universe. However, this ignored the major problem that it doesn't seem
possible for an infinite varied multiverse to use probabilities to make any prediction whatsoever
because there are an infinite number of copies of every possible universe!

To get around this problem, multiverse scientists use something called measures to compute
probabilities in an infinite multiverse and then determine what a typical universe looks like. They
thereby attempt to rescue multiverse theory from the fatal flaws of a naive multiverse, but end
up running directly into the measure problem we'll discuss next time.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:57 - Introduction

1:50 - From a Naive Multiverse to Measures

5:07 - The Problem of Infinities and Probabilities

7:50  -Measures

13:39 - True and False Predictions

16:48 - The Boltzmann Brain Measure

21:03 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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Physics to God is a guided journey through modern physics to discover God. We start from the fine tuning of the constants of nature, travel through the multiverse, and ultimately arrive at a compelling idea of God.

This episode examines physicist Roger Penrose's extremely wild and imaginative theory for
explaining the ridiculously improbable order of the Big Bang without invoking an intelligent
cause. Penrose describes the tremendous problem of explaining the unlikely Big Bang as
follows:

In order to produce a universe resembling the one in which we live, the Creator would
have to aim for an absurdly tiny volume of the phase space of possible universes –
about 1/10^10^123 of the entire volume...This is an extraordinary figure. One could not
possibly even write the number down in full...

When Penrose speaks about the Creator, he means it metaphorically, as he doesn’t believe in
God. This episode shows how Penrose’s theory - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology - attempts to
explain the improbable order of the Big Bang without an intelligent Creator, and ultimately
justifies why we think the argument for an intelligent cause still stands.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

2:02 - Introduction

3:32 - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology

8:16 - The Universe Loses Track of Time….

13:56 - Disappearance of Mass

20:36 - Hawking Radiation and Entropy Transcendence

25:54 - Evaluation Conformal Cyclic Cosmology

30:10 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

This season will clarify the three essential elements of multiverse theory, analyze their various scientific supports, and ultimately show why the multiverse fails to be a good explanation for fine tuning, design, and order, even in scientists' own framework.

Episode 1: The Three Premises of Multiverse

This episode lays out the three premises any multiverse theory needs to explain fine tuning, design, and order in our universe without an intelligent cause.

- The Infinite Multiverse Premise: There exists a multiverse composed of infinitely many universes. 

- The Varied Multiverse Premise: In the multiverse, the constants vary from universe to universe.

- The Typical Universe Premise: Of all the universes in the multiverse that contain intelligent observers, our universe is typical.

Note: While Season 2 builds on Season 1: An Intelligent Cause, it can also be followed independently. Nevertheless, this episode begins by summarizing Season 1’s three arguments for the existence of God.

Timestamps:

[00:00] Open

[02:01] Introduction

[05:26] Summary of Part 1

[12:44] How Multiverse Explains Fine Tuning, Design, and Order

[20:26] Three Premises of Multiverse Theory

[21:34] The Infinite Multiverse Premise

[24:42] The Varied Multiverse Premise

[28:45] The Typical Universe Premise

[33:59] Complete Multiverse Theory

[37:36] Different Versions of the Multiverse

[39:56] Burden of Proof

[43:35] Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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Our universe’s initial state was incredibly unlikely, and if it were even slightly different, nothing
would exist except for black holes. This episode discusses physicist Paul Steinhardt’s theory of
Bouncing Cosmology which attempts to explain this unlikely beginning without requiring either
an infinite varied multiverse or an intelligent cause. This theory is so wild and imaginative that
we really had to struggle to come up with analogies to make it understandable to everyone. But
we did. And these might just be our best analogies yet.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:39 - Introduction

5:14 - Cyclic Cosmology

8:49 - Entropy Density

14:46- Bouncing Cosmology

21:21 - Changing Dark Energy

25:11 - Evaluating Bouncing Cosmology

27:19 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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In this episode, we complete our final argument and convincingly show that the low entropy initial conditions at the big bang point directly to an intelligent cause for the order in our universe - what we’ll call an intelligent orderer. In doing so, we’ll encounter an amazing, mind-bogglingly gargantuan number. Once we explain how massive this number actually is, you’ll see how massively unlikely it is that our universe emerged by chance alone.

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

Many people are already familiar with various presentations of the fine-tuning argument in discussions about the existence of God. Standard forms of the argument are often lacking and leave much room for skepticism and debate. Critics often point to the limitations of existing forms, such as when fine-tuning is presented as an “argument from elimination” that fails to demonstrate that the list of possibilities is either fully eliminated or whether the list of possibilities is truly exhaustive. Likewise, the “probabilistic approach” is often beset by unconvincing and speculative probabilities. These can lead to unsatisfactory conclusions for those seeking a more definitive understanding of our universe’s precise constants and the implications of their existence.

In this episode, Aaron and Elie offer a fresh perspective that is tailored to a more advanced audience that is already familiar with the conventional treatments of the fine-tuning argument, focusing on the intrinsic mystery of the constants and suggesting that fine-tuning is not the problem, but is rather the all-important clue to the solution of the mystery. They articulate why their approach avoids the pitfalls of other arguments, such as the God-of-the-gaps critique, and present fine-tuning as an answer to one of physics’ fundamental questions, establishing a robust case for an intelligently designed universe that is compelling even to an audience well-versed in the topic.

This presentation, a bit more advanced and informal than other episodes of Physics to God, was made to a group of scholars from Reasons to Believe.

If you're interested in a good summary of the three core arguments in series one, see:
https://www.physicstogod.com/3-proofs-of-god-from-science

Multiverse scientists support the Varied Multiverse Premise - the claim that the constants vary from universe to universe - by using fine tuning, the very same evidence we use for the existence of God. While it might sound strange that we come to the opposite conclusion based on the exact same evidence, this episode shows how it’s possible. Since multiverse scientists harbor a hidden premise their entire line of reasoning makes sense. But when this unjustified premise is dropped, it becomes clear that fine tuning points directly to the existence of God.

TIMESTAMPS:

0:00 - Opening

1:00 - Introduction

2:50 - Fine Tuned Constants Argument

13:55 - Comparing the Fine Tuning Argument for multiverse with the Fine Tuning Argument for God

14:25 - Similarity: Fine Tuning implies something more than one universe

15:33 - Difference 1: Fine tuning for life vs. complexity             

18:20 - Difference 2: Argument by elimination vs. direct indication

21:28 - An unjustified premise

28:28 - Outro

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In this series, we’ve presented three arguments for an intelligent cause: the first from the fine tuning of the constants, the second from the design of the laws, and the third from the initial conditions at the big bang. In this episode, the final one in this series, we’ll summarize the prior episodes so that you can clearly see the logical line of reasoning that flows through all three arguments. Then, we’ll address many frequently asked questions on these arguments. Finally, we’ll explain the need and motivation for the next two series about God and the multiverse.

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

In this episode, we explain fine tuning, the major clue that physicists have discovered to help
solve the mystery of the constants. The idea of fine tuning is that the constants of nature are not
just arbitrary numbers, but there's something special about their values. Only numbers within a
certain range of values will yield a universe with atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, etc.

Join the discussion on our website https://www.physicstogod.com/ or 
our Facebook group, Physics to God. 

After an introductory discussion about the concept of infinity, this episode considers three lines of evidence that multiverse supporters bring to justify the Infinite Multiverse Premise. 

1. Inductive reasoning;

2. Empirical evidence;

3. Many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. 

Besides explaining these attempted supports, we’ll point out two problems with each of them. First, we’ll show how none of them convincingly demonstrates the existence of an infinite number of universes. More importantly, we’ll show that even though they may support an infinite number of universes, they don’t address, and sometimes even undermine, the Varied Multiverse Premise - the claim that the constants vary between universes.

TIMESTAMPS:

00:00 - Opening

1:38 - Introduction

2:24 - Actual Physical Infinity

7:06 - Functional Infinity

11:15 - Three Supports for the Infinite Multiverse Premise

12:58 - Inductive Reasoning

19:54 - Empirical Evidence

24:42 - Many Worlds Interpretation

30:25 - Many Worlds Multiverse

34:30 - Extending the Many Worlds Interpretation

39:42 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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This episode shows how the specific values of the constants present a serious problem for the
realization of physicists' dream of finding a Theory of Everything. It explains the mystery of
constants, a problem which Richard Feynman called “one of the greatest damn mysteries of
physics.” The mystery is that the numbers seem completely arbitrary with no seeming reason for
their values. From the perspective of physics, these numbers could have taken on any value
whatsoever. So how can physicists explain these numbers?

Join the discussion on our website https://www.physicstogod.com/ or 
our Facebook group, Physics to God. 

This episode discusses something many people fail to mention about the multiverse - that it
actually makes a prediction.

Well, sort of. You can probably guess that a theory about an infinite number of unobservable
parallel universes can’t make a conventional prediction in the standard scientific sense. But with
this “prediction”, you’ll see how multiverse scientists can avoid the three problems that plague a
naive multiverse.

While this episode is incredibly important for understanding the multiverse, it’s more complicated than the last one. But don’t worry - we have a marble analogy that makes everything crystal clear.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:14 - Introduction

2:06 - Reviewing the Three Problems with a Naive Multiverse

4:27 - The Typical Universe Premise

10:06 - A Typical Universe is a Prediction of Multiverse

13:35 - The Marbles Analogy

21:03 - Avoiding the Problems

24:50 -  An Unconventional Prediction

27:18 - Outro

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Multiverse scientists use string theory to support the Varied Multiverse Premise. This episode will evaluate whether or not string theory truly supports the notion that the constants vary between universes. To do so, we’ll first need to give a little context on how string theory fits into the picture of modern physics and the pursuit of a final theory of everything (one theory that explains everything else in the universe). Then we’ll discuss some of the basic elements of string theory relevant to the multiverse.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:11 - Intro

1:56 - Final Theory of Everything

3:20 - String Theory

8:50 - The Problem With String Theory's Hidden Dimensions

17:22 - The Marriage With Multiverse

27:19 -  Summary of the Evidence

32:00 - Outro

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This is probably our favorite episode in the series. It was certainly the most fun to record.
Together with the next four episodes, it contains the heart of our argument rejecting the
multiverse and marks the conceptual turning point of this entire series.

This episode in particular has a strange objective - to thoroughly reject a naive version of
multiverse theory that no serious scientist actually believes in. While this may sound strange,
this exercise is actually quite important. First of all, while no serious scientist accepts a naive
multiverse, many popular presentations of the multiverse do. So it’s good to see the problems
with the popular, but naive, version of multiverse. And more importantly, it turns out that
understanding what a naive multiverse is, and where it goes wrong, is critical for appreciating
the absolute necessity of multiverse’s third premise - that our universe is typical.

But it should be clear that in this episode, we’ll be attacking a naive version of the multiverse.
While the actual multiverse theory may seem absurd, many leading scientists believe that it’s a
realistic possibility. The naive multiverse, on the other hand, is so completely ludicrous that no
one serious can possibly believe it. At least we hope not...

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

2:00 - Introduction

4:34 - Multiverse of the Gaps

10:24 - Intrinsically Irrefutable

17:31 - Self-defeating

20:46 - The Three Problems

21:59 - Outro

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This episode discusses the differences between the design argument in biology and the fine tuning argument in physics. First, we present the design argument in biology. Then, we discuss how the theory of evolution explains the apparent design of life without an intelligent cause. We explain why that solution doesn’t work in physics, and show how, even in the framework of biology, it merely pushes the design question back to the origin of life  - the design of the first DNA molecule. 

We then discuss the scientific answer to the origin of life problem: the multiplanet solution. We show how this type of explanation isn’t justified in physics. Lastly, we go even further and show that fine tuning in physics can shed new light on design in biology. All this will clarify the major advantages of the fine tuning argument in physics over the design argument in biology.

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

Multiverse scientists deviate from the longstanding scientific method, grounded in predictions
and observations, by positing infinitely many unobservable parallel universes to explain fine
tuning. They have subtly switched to a mathematically formulated philosophical theory about an
infinite multiverse to explain the fine tuning of our one ordered universe. This episode justifies
why the multiverse is not science, and supports this assertion through the words of prominent
scientists who attempt to defend the esteem of science from the multiverse’s corrosive effects.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:50 - Introduction

1:40 - Evaluating the Eternal Inflation/String Theory Multiverse

3:33 - Eternal Inflation Makes No Predictions Because of its Infinities

8:50 - String Theory Makes No Predictions

15:03 - All Multiverse Theories Fail to Make Predictions

17:31 - Redefining Science

22:30 - Redefining Science Won’t Help, But It Will Hurt

29:31 - Multiverse Scientists’ Disdain Towards Philosophy

31:28 - Why it Matters if Multiverse Corrupts Science

34:37 - Multiverse is Not Science but is Bad Philosophy

36:28 - Outro

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The scientific method has been the key to the great success of science over the past 300 years, and it’s incredibly important to distinguish it from the philosophical method. You probably
learned about the scientific method in 5th grade, and might be surprised we’re doing an episode on it. But times are changing. There’s now a serious controversy in the scientific community about whether it’s time to change the definition of science to accommodate the multiverse under the banner of science.

That’s a truly shocking development.

In this episode, we present a clear formulation of the scientific and philosophical methods so you can judge for yourself whether the multiverse is science or philosophy.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:42 - Introduction

3:52 - The Scientific Method

8:28 - Why Following the Scientific Method is so Important

9:08 - Rejecting False Theories

13:10 - Accepting True Theories

15:46 - The Philosophical Method

21:54 - Science-Based Philosophy

25:24 - Multiverse is Science-Based Philosophy

27:40 - Multiverse is Not a Good Philosophical Theory

30:06 - Value of Good Science-Based Philosophy

32:22 - Multiverse Scientists Claim Multiverse is Science

34:09 - Outro

Get essay versions of all episodes in Season 1: Intelligent Cause and Season 2: Analyzing & Rejecting Multiverse

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In an infinite multiverse, the need to calculate if our universe is typical leads directly to the
devastating three-layered measure problem: ad hoc measures are bad ideas to begin with, all
intuitive measures don’t work, and even if multiverse scientists were to find a contrived measure
that did work, it would beg the question of what fine tuned and designed it?

While multiverse theory is plagued by many issues, the measure problem is unique. It
conclusively demonstrates the multiverse’s failure to explain fine tuning and, for that matter, to
explain anything at all. Once you understand the full scope of this problem, you’ll see why the
multiverse fails as a good scientific theory, even in multiverse scientists’ framework.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:48 - Intro

1:41 - From a Naive Multiverse to the Measure Problem

4:17 - The Three Layered Measure Problem

 - 5:22 1. Ad Hoc Measures

 - 9:00 2. Intuitive Measures Don’t Work 

 - 15:45 3. Fine Tuned Measures

22:02 - The Scope of the Measure Problem

22:32 - The Measure Problem Applies to Any Infinite Multiverse

23:47 - Problems with a Finite Multiverse

29:08 - The Significance of the Measure Problem

32:53 - Outro

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The first objective of this podcast series is to clearly explain the following claim:
When probing the universe at its most fundamental levels, physicists have discovered many
constants of nature which present a major challenge to the pursuit of a theory of everything. To
do this, we use helpful analogies to explain the idea of fundamental physics and explain the
roles of fundamental particles and laws. Then, we introduce the idea of constants of nature,
specific numbers which are built into the fundamental particles and laws of nature. Lastly, we
explain physicists' dream of finding a theory of everything, one set of laws that explains
everything in our universe.

Join the discussion on our website https://www.physicstogod.com/ or 
our Facebook group, Physics to God. 

Biologist Richard Dawkins, in his book, The Blind Watchmaker, wrote the following:

The theory of evolution by cumulative natural selection is the only theory we know of that is, in
principle, capable of explaining the existence of organized complexity. Even if the evidence did
not favour it, it would still be the best theory available.

In this episode, we discuss physicist Lee Smolin’s attempt to extend natural selection from
biology and apply it to the cosmos as a whole in order to explain fine tuning in physics. We start
by discussing black holes and baby universes and end with what Smolin calls the meta-laws
dilemma.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

0:48 - Introduction

1:39 - Alternative Theories

4:27 - Biological and Cosmological Natural Selection

8:51 - The Three Premises of Cosmological Natural Selection

18:30 - Not a Genuine Multiverse

21:22 - Problems With All Three Premises

27:56 - Smolin’s False Prediction

29:53 - The Fine Tuned Meta-Law

33:22 - Summary of Problems with Cosmological Natural Selection

35:20 - The Meta-law Dilemma

44:05 - Outro

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The Boltzmann Brain problem – the multiverse's prediction that you are a randomly fluctuated
brain with false memories – sounds like a ridiculous problem. In a sense, it is. But it's
nevertheless a major challenge for the multiverse which claims we are typical observers.
The Grand Universe problem – the sheer splendor and grandeur of our immense universe –
likewise presents a significant question for the multiverse’s claim that our universe is typical.
These problems cast serious doubt on the multiverse’s third premise – that we are typical
observers in a typical universe with intelligent life.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:32 - Introduction

2:23 - Summary of Last Two Episodes 

5:05 - Boltzmann Brain Problem

10:16 - Why Does It Matter If You’re a Boltzmann Brain?

14:48 - The Grand Universe Problem

20:20 - A Historical Irony

23:43 - The Need for Justification

29:38 - Outro

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This episode presents the climax of the fine tuning argument. Through simple analogies, it explains the definition of efficient and teleological causes, and why they are so vital for interpreting fine tuning and completing the journey from physics to God. It demonstrates how fine tuning indicates that the values of the constants were chosen by an intelligent cause, God, for the purpose of bringing about a complex universe which is full of atoms, molecules, stars, planets, and life. 

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

If you thought multiverse scientists have difficulty explaining the fine tuning of the constants
without God, you won’t believe the trouble they have explaining away the designed laws of
nature. The mathematical multiverse solution to the design of the laws is so outlandish it makes
a standard multiverse look tame by comparison. It’s really the ultimate multiverse theory - and it
runs directly into the ultimate meta-measure problem.

Timestamps:

0:00 - Opening

1:30 - Introduction

4:34 - The Mathematical Universe Hypothesis

10:03 - Evidence for the Mathematical Multiverse

12:10 - Are Simple Laws of Nature Typical?

16:12 - Another Designed Measure

18:41 - The Meta-Measure Problem

23:03 - The Difference between Science and Mathematics

28:25 - The Relationship between Science and Mathematics

31:26 - Why Science Needs God

35:28 - Outro

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Even with the right laws and constants, it is still very unlikely that chance alone could be responsible for our complex universe. In order to get a universe like our own, the spacetime and matter that comprise it must be arranged in a very improbable state. We discuss entropy and the second law of thermodynamics, and illustrate how they shed light on the ordered initial conditions of our universe. This leads to a third, independent argument for how we know that our universe has an intelligent cause.

If you have any comments or questions, join the discussion on our website PhysicstoGod.com, or on our Facebook group, Physics to God.

This episode illustrates how fine tuning presents a major problem to the ordinary scientific method for explaining phenomena in our universe. Through an analogy from ethical systems, it demonstrates why a paradigm shift is needed to solve the mystery of the constants.

Join the discussion on our website https://www.physicstogod.com/ or  our Facebook group, Physics to God.