Interleaved: A Talmudic Podcast (Netanel Zellis-Paley)
Explore every episode of Interleaved: A Talmudic Podcast
| Pub. Date | Title | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20 Feb 2022 | Chagigah No.1: Talmudically Accurate Angels | 00:35:56 | |
How did ancient Jews relate to angels? Are “Biblically accurate angels” really Biblically accurate? Dr. Mika Ahuvia is an associate professor of Classical Judaism in the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington, Seattle. Her book On My Right Michael, On My Left Gabriel: Angels in Ancient Jewish Culture investigates conceptions of angels in foundational Jewish texts and ritual sources. Mika also co-edited the volume Placing Ancient Texts: the Rhetorical and Ritual Use of Space and has published book chapters and articles on ancient ritual-magic, gender and rabbinic literature, and late antique archeology. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 07 Mar 2022 | Chagigah No.2: Out of the Orchard | 00:37:51 | |
Who really was Elisha ben Avuyah, and why was he a mistake of rabbinic interpretation? How did he become a blank canvas for the Rabbis’ heretical anxieties? Rabbi Dr. Alon Goshen-Gottstein is the founder and director of the Elijah Interfaith Institute, a nonprofit, international, UNESCO-sponsored interfaith organization. A noted scholar of Jewish studies, he has held academic posts at Tel Aviv University and has served as director of the Center for the Study of Rabbinic Thought, Beit Morasha College, Jerusalem. Rabbi Dr. Goshen-Gottstein is the author or editor of many books including The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism, Jewish Theology and World Religions, and most recently, Interreligious Heroes: Role Models and Spiritual Exemplars for Interfaith Practice. His book, The Sinner and the Amnesiac: The Rabbinic Invention of Elisha ben Abuya and Eleazar ben Arach was published in 2000 by Stanford University Press. | |||
| 28 Mar 2022 | Yevamot No.1: All in the Family | 00:39:39 | |
What can levirate marriage teach us about ancient Jewish family structures? Why start Seder Nashim with death? Dvora Weisberg is the Rabbi Aaron D. Panken Professor of Rabbinics, HUC-JIR Rabbinical School Director and Rabbinical Program Director in Los Angeles. She is the author of Levirate Marriage and the Family in Ancient Judaism, which explores the ancient rabbis’ understanding of family and familial relationships. Rabbi Dr. Weisberg also teaches frequently in informal settings, including adult education programs in congregations, several summers at the URJ Kallah and sessions for the CCAR and its regional conventions. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 15 Apr 2022 | [REBROADCAST] Pesachim No.8: Seder Up! | 00:34:44 | |
Last year around this time we were finishing up Tractate Pesachim — take another dip into our Peseach archive with this episode compilation featuring ideas from Kadesh to Nirtzah We thank our guests, Dr. Susan Weingarten, Dr. Jon Greenberg, Rabbi Dr. Vanessa Ochs, Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Zuckier, Dr. Rachel Scheinerman, Dr. Marc Michael Epstein, and Dr. Sara Ronis for lending us their voices, ideas, and insights to enhance each step of our, and now your, seder. In addition to this audio experience, be sure to check out the accompanying source sheet on Sefaria for some additional thoughts and reflections. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 28 Aug 2022 | Ketubot No.1: Body Politics | 01:10:01 | |
CW// underage sex and sexual assault/r*pe Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 09 Oct 2022 | Ketubot No.2: Halakhic Woman | 01:01:05 | |
CW// sexual assault/r*pe What do Talmudic texts about vaginal bleeding and sexual assault tell us about how the rabbis perceived women’s humanity and subjectivity? Is a true gender-egalitarian halakha even possible? This is the second part of an interview. Listen to part one here. Dr. Rebecca Kamholz holds a PhD in rabbinics from Yale University. Her areas of focus are gender theory and legal texts about women in the Babylonian Talmud. Her dissertation, Virginity in the Babylonian Talmud: Sex, Identity, and Epistemology, focused on legal and cultural questions around the definition and verification of virginity in the Talmud. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 23 Oct 2022 | Ketubot No.3: Contractual Relationships | 00:39:44 | |
How did the monetary guarantee of the ketubah develop? What light can similar contracts from the Ancient Near East and modern pre-marital financial agreements such as the pre-nup shed on the nature of the ketubah, including the question of whether it is binding? Prof. Michael L. Satlow is Professor of Judaic Studies and Religious Studies at Brown University. He holds a Ph.D. from JTS, and is an author of numerous works including the book Jewish Marriage in Antiquity, and the chapter “Reconsidering the Rabbinic Ketubah Payment” in The Jewish Family in Antiquity. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 11 Mar 2020 | Berakhot No.1: A Brief History of Jewish Time | 00:29:06 | |
How did the Rabbis of the Talmud understand how time works, and how does our modern understanding of change how we think about the laws they wrote? | |||
| 29 Mar 2020 | Berakhot No.2: The Blessings of the Farmer | 00:23:02 | |
What’s it like to be a Jewish farmer in 2020, and how can living off the Earth teach us to make better blessings on our food? Janna Siller is the Farm Director at Adamah Farm in Falls Village, and represents the Jewish non-profit Hazon as a member of the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition and the National Young Farmers Coalition. She writes about, teaches, and lives the Jewish values of ethical and Earth-conscious eating. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter
"Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 05 Apr 2020 | Shabbat No.1: Space to Space | 00:27:52 | |
In the midst of a global pandemic and widespread quarantine―when every day seems like Shabbat―how do we preserve the sanctity of our cherished sanctuary in time and space? Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 14 Apr 2020 | Shabbat No.2: People of the Cookbook | 00:31:07 | |
What, and how, did people cook in the times of the Talmud? What is Haroset, and why are there so many ways to make it? Dr. Susan Weingarten is an archaeologist and historian. As a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Jewish Studies at Tel Aviv University, Dr. Weingarten began to concentrate on the history of Jewish food, more specifically on food in talmudic literature. She has published over forty papers and is author of the book Haroset: A Taste of Jewish History. At present she is an Associate Fellow of the Albright Institute for Archaeological Research in Jerusalem. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 17 May 2020 | Shabbat No.3: The Amora’s New Clothes | 00:28:31 | |
Why does an ancient article of clothing share a name with a heinous act of violence? Can one wear an ankle monitor on Shabbat in a coronavirus surveillance state? Explore these and other questions of Talmudic attire in the sixth chapter of Shabbat. Annie Sommer Kaufman received her Master’s in Fashion Design from Drexel University and is a clothing designer, patternmaker, cutter, sewer, and salesperson with her own label called Annie the K. She is also the founder of the Lace Midrash Talmud study group and studied at Svara where she is training as a Talmud teacher.
Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 28 May 2020 | Berakhot No.3: The Daf of Dreams | 00:34:17 | |
Does the Talmud dream? The final chapter of Berakhot dives into the Talmudic unconscious, delving into dreams, interpretations, and what it all means. Dr. Cheryl Goldstein is a practicing relational psychoanalyst and faculty member of the Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis in Los Angeles, California. A UCLA graduate in Comparative Literature, with a Masters in Rabbinic Literature, her research focuses on the interfaces of literature, psychoanalysis, and Jewish identity. She also is the author of several articles examining literary works with a psychoanalytic lens. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 07 Jun 2020 | Shabbat No.4: This Leg Was Made for Walking | 00:29:59 | |
What does the Talmud think about prosthetic limbs? What would it think if it were written in 2020? Tziona Zellis is a certified occupational therapist assistant and tutor in Brooklyn, NY. Following a car accident and more than 20 surgeries, Tziona’s right leg was amputated and she began wearing a prosthesis in 2019. She also works as a motivational speaker telling her story and sharing her journey. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp.
Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 22 Jun 2020 | Shabbat No.5: Write in the Feels | 00:38:38 | |
How has safrut, the sacred craft of Jewish calligraphy, changed since the days of the Talmud? Why does it have such a rarefied air about it today? Jen Taylor Friedman is a soferet, a Jewish scribe, scholar, and educator. She is believed to be the first modern day soferet to complete a Torah scroll, and has over ten years’ experience in scroll creation and repair. In addition she also writes other ritual items such as megillot, mezuzot, and tefillin. Jen is also the creative mind behind Tefillin Barbie, and is a member of Stam Scribes, an international Jewish scribe collective. She is currently working on a PhD in the historical development of Hebrew script. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 05 Jul 2020 | Shabbat No.6: Jewish Quilt | 00:21:32 | |
Can a single thread really change a whole fabric? How does a loom actually work? Anita Rabinoff Goldman is a textile artist who specializes in quilts based in Boston, Massachusetts. A graduate of the University at Albany, with a degree in Art and Art History, she is the past owner of Pomegranate Judaica, a fiber arts business selling her handmade tallitot, Torah mantles, and other ritual items as well as Jewish themed art. Her quilt work, including her popular exhibit Seeing Torah, has appeared in numerous local and national shows, and is represented in private collections. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. We’re collecting stories of that time you didn’t make it home in time for Shabbat: Got stuck in traffic and decided to walk? Placed your wallet on the nearest donkey? Found a new community when you couldn’t make it to the one you planned on staying by? We want to know how the final mishah in tractate shabbat played out in real life for you! Message us to have your voice on the pod!
"Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 19 Jul 2020 | Shabbat No.7: A Cut Above the Rest | 00:32:31 | |
Why is the Talmud’s primary discussion of Brit Milah found in the 19th chapter of Shabbat, of all places? How should we understand this ancient ritual in light of modern medicine, values, and conceptions of gender? Rabbi Eliezer Lawrence is a teacher and certified Mohel. An alumnus of Yeshiva Chovevei Torah Rabbinical School, he holds an MA in Bible and Semitic languages and serves on the Judaic Studies Faculty at the Leffell School. He received his certification from the London School of Circumcision, and also studied ritual circumcision at the Moresheth Avoth Institute in Beit Shemesh, Israel. We’re collecting stories of that time you didn’t make it home in time for Shabbat: Got stuck in traffic and decided to walk? Placed your wallet on the nearest donkey? Found a new community when you couldn’t make it to the one you planned on staying by? We want to know how the final mishah in tractate shabbat played out in real life for you! Message us to have your voice on the pod! View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 02 Aug 2020 | Shabbat No.8: Famous Last Words | 00:37:02 | |
CW: death/dying. What was it like to die during the time of the Talmud? Did the Sages really believe that the body of the deceased has a life of its own? Dr. David Kraemer is a Professor of Talmud and Rabbinics at The Jewish Theological Seminary, where he has also served as director of its library for nearly fifteen years. His scholarship of the Talmud and rabbinic culture is vast, and he is the author of several books including “A History of the Talmud” and “The Meanings of Death in Rabbinic Judaism”. View a source sheet for this episode here. We’re collecting stories of that time you didn’t make it home in time for Shabbat: Got stuck in traffic and decided to walk? Placed your wallet on the nearest donkey? Found a new community when you couldn’t make it to the one you planned on staying by? We want to know how the final mishah in tractate shabbat played out in real life for you! Message us to have your voice on the pod! Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 10 Aug 2020 | Shabbat No.9: Take Me Home, Hadran Road | 00:25:10 | |
Hadran Alach Mesechet Shabbat! At times this tractate felt like an arduous journey so in celebration of its completion we asked you, our listeners, about your journeys. Specifically, journeys like the one mentioned in the first mishnah in the last chapter of this tractate — journeys where you didn’t make it home for Shabbat. Thanks again to Avi Robinson, Eliana Yashgur, Natasha Shabat, and Elliot Heller for sharing their stories with us & you. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp
"Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 24 Aug 2020 | Eruvin No.1: Caution: Rabbis at Work | 00:28:16 | |
In what ways is the Talmud like a building? How can a bunch of poles and wires—the Eruv—create a spiritual community? Dr. Mitchell Schwarzer is a historian of architecture who writes and teaches about urban and suburban built environments. He is Professor of Architectural History and Chair of the Department of Visual Studies at California College of the Arts. He also is the author of several books, most recently Urban Development and Disruption in Twentieth Century Oakland, set to publish in 2021. In addition to his books, his writing has appeared in numerous magazines and journals, including his article on The Architecture of the Talmud which was published in the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 27 Sep 2020 | Eruvin No.2: The Beruriah Test | 00:25:26 | |
Who was Beruriah, the only woman whose halakhic opinion is recorded in the Talmud? What does her Torah mean for women Torah scholars today? Avigayil Halpern is entering her second year of study for rabbinic ordination at the Hadar Institute's Advanced Kollel while living in Washington Heights, New York. She holds a BA in Judaic Studies from Yale University, where she focused on Talmud. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 18 Oct 2020 | Eruvin No.3: Shabbat at the Museum | 00:37:23 | |
How on Earth does one curate a wildly popular museum exhibit about Eruv, one of the most technical topics in Jewish law? How is a museum exhibit like a page of Talmud? Zachary Paul Levine curated the exhibition “It’s a Thin Line: The Eruv and Jewish Community in New York and Beyond” for the Yeshiva University Museum in Manhattan, New York. He has produced dozens of exhibitions, installations and educational programs for cultural institutions throughout the U.S. and abroad and is the principal of Throughline Collaborative. Currently he is Director for Archival & Curatorial Affairs in the National Institute for Holocaust Documentation at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC, and serves as Vice Chair on the Council of American Jewish Museums. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 01 Nov 2020 | Eruvin No.4: Yes In My Eruv | 00:36:44 | |
The Eruv is first and foremost a tool for community-building, but it’s easy to overlook the dividing line it creates between communities. How we can make our Eruvin less like fortresses and more like open-sided tents? What can the Talmud teach us about how to relate to people who do not belong to our communities? Hannah Lebovits is an Assistant Professor of Public Administration at the University of Texas-Arlington and freelance writer who focuses on human-centered sustainability issues related to urban and metropolitan governance. Her work has been featured in local publications and national outlets including JTA and Business Insider. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 29 Nov 2020 | Eruvin No.5: They Walk the Line | 00:35:53 | |
With all of the technicalities and logistics involved in building and maintaining community Eruvin, it can be easy to overlook the humans who—expecting nothing in return—devote their time and energy to ensure everyone in their community can experience Shabbat as they’re meant to: together. We dedicate this episode to these tireless and generous Jews who simply love their communities. We thank Jon Gradman of the Center City Eruv, Michael Khaldarov of the Binghamton University Eruv Committee, Rebecca Nathan of the University City Eruv Corporation, Joshua Skootsky of Cong. Mount Sinai Jewish Center, and Rabbi Shlomo Schachter of JLIC at University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana for sharing their stories with us & you. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 13 Dec 2020 | Pesachim No.1: This American Light | 00:25:20 | |
An episode on Chanukah for the first chapter of a tractate all about Passover? Well, Chanukah doesn’t have its own tractate, and you deserve something fun before you spend 4 months learning everything about the official holiday of Jewish anxiety. So, how was Chanukah celebrated in America before Adam Sandler and Full Court Miracle? Why was the word “presents” the first English word to be printed in Yiddish-language newspapers in America? Dr. Dianne Ashton is Professor of Religion Studies and former director of the American Studies program at Rowan University. She is the author of multiple books on the history of Judaism in the United States, including Hanukkah in America: A History. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 28 Dec 2020 | Pesachim No.2: A Leaf of Faith | 00:33:25 | |
When did horseradish become synonymous with maror? How does a botanical background enhance torah learning? Dr. Jon Greenberg is an educational consultant and teacher of science at the Heschel School in New York. He received his bachelor’s degree with honors in biology from Brown University, his Master’s and Doctorate in agronomy from Cornell University, and also studied with Rabbi Chaim Brovender at Israel’s Yeshivat Hamivtar. Additionally, Dr. Greenberg publishes TorahFlora, a blog devoted to essays on biblical ethnobotany. His botanical Hagaddah Fruits of Freedom will be available for preorder soon from his website. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 17 Jan 2021 | Pesachim No.3: The Custom is Always Right | 00:30:30 | |
Where do our customs come from? Why were the rabbis so worried about preserving local custom? Rabbi Vanessa Ochs is a Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia where she teaches courses in Judaism, anthropology of religion, and spiritual writing. In her research, she investigates new Jewish ritual, Jewish feminism, and Jewish material culture. Rabbi Ochs is the author of many works including The Passover Haggadah: A Biography and Inventing Jewish Ritual. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 31 Jan 2021 | Pesachim No.4: Initial Pesach Offering | 00:34:01 | |
What makes a korban, a Jewish ritual sacrifice, a korban? What does desire have to do with atonement? Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Zuckier is a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University and lecturer at the Bernard Revel Graduate School. He recently completed his PhD from Yale where he focused on sacrifice. Previously a member of Yeshiva University’s Kollel Elyon, Rabbi Zuckier also is a founder of The Lehrhaus, and was the past Director of JLIC at Yale. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 15 Feb 2021 | Pesachim No.5: Paschal History | 00:37:00 | |
CW// Firsthand description of animal sacrifice Dr. Rachel Scheinerman is an associate editor at My Jewish Learning where she edits the Daily Dose of Talmud newsletter. She holds an MA in Scripture & Interpretation from Harvard Divinity School and a PhD in Rabbinic Literature from Yale University with a dissertation about The Tannaitic Passover Ritual. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 01 Mar 2021 | Pesachim No.6: Every Spring is Illuminated | 00:35:35 | |
What’s the deal with the Birds’ Head Haggadah? How were illuminated Haggadot from the Middle Ages created, and why does everyone make such a big fuss about them? Dr. Marc Michael Epstein is Professor of Religion and Visual Culture at Vassar College. He is the author of, among other books, The Medieval Haggadah: Art, Narrative, and Religious Imagination and Skies of Parchment, Seas of Ink: Jewish Illuminated Manuscripts. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 15 Mar 2021 | Pesachim No.7: How the Other Side Lives | 00:33:22 | |
Where do demons come from? Why did the Sages try to contain them with strange laws? Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 22 Mar 2021 | Pesachim No.8: Seder Up! | 00:34:44 | |
Hadran Alach Mesechet Pesachim! We shall return to you Tractate Pesachim! We thank our guests, Dr. Susan Weingarten, Dr. Jon Greenberg, Rabbi Dr. Vanessa Ochs, Rabbi Dr. Shlomo Zuckier, Dr. Rachel Scheinerman, Dr. Marc Michael Epstein, and Dr. Sara Ronis for lending us their voices, ideas, and insights to enhance each step of our, and now your, seder. In addition to this audio experience, be sure to check out the accompanying source sheet on Sefaria for some additional thoughts and reflections. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 05 Apr 2021 | Shekalim No.1: Charitable Living | 00:36:34 | |
How did the Rabbis of the Talmud legislate giving? How is charity connected to repentance, and even redemption? Dr. Alyssa Gray is the Emily S. and Rabbi Bernard H. Mehlman Chair in Rabbinics and Professor of Codes and Responsa Literature at Hebrew Union College —Jewish Institute of Religion in New York. She is the author of Charity in Rabbinic Judaism: Atonement, Rewards, and Righteousness and numerous shorter studies on wealth, poverty, and charity in rabbinic literature and on the formation of the Babylonian Talmud. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 12 Apr 2021 | Shekalim No.2: Survey Says | 00:01:20 | |
Hadran Alach Mesekhet Shekalim! Take our listener survey HERE Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 18 Apr 2021 | Yoma No.1: King of Priests | 00:32:07 | |
How did the Rabbis understand the role of the High Priest in the Temple? How do we trace the Levites through generations? Dr. Yonatan Miller is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Director of The Center for Religious Understanding at the University of Toledo. He has published articles in Jewish Studies Quarterly and in the Journal of Ancient Judaism and is currently at work on a monograph entitled Sacred Slaughter: Violence and the Israelite-Jewish Priesthood based on his 2015 dissertation. Take our listener survey HERE View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 02 May 2021 | Yoma No.2: Most High Resolution | 00:30:33 | |
CW// Violence Rabbi Dr. Howard Kaminsky is an independent researcher. He has served as a research fellow at the Pardes Center for Judaism and Conflict Resolution, and as a mediator for Community Mediation Services in Queens, NY. He holds an EdD in religion and education from Teachers College, Columbia University and rabbinic ordination from Mesivta Tifereth Jerusalem. He is the author of Fundamentals of Jewish Conflict Resolution: Traditional Jewish Perspectives on Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 16 May 2021 | Yoma No.3: Poetic Jurisprudence | 00:36:48 | |
Why does Tractate Yoma read like a story? How did the paytanim, the liturgical poets of the post-Talmud period, turn its text into the most transcendent part of the modern Yom Kippur service? Dr. Michael Swartz is Professor of Hebrew and Religious Studies in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at the Melton Center for Jewish Studies at The Ohio State University. He specializes in the cultural history of Judaism in late antiquity, rabbinic studies, early Jewish mysticism and magic, and ritual studies. Professor Swartz is widely published, his work includes: Scholastic Magic: Ritual and Revelation in Early Jewish Mysticism, Avodah: Ancient Poems for Yom Kippur, The Signifying Creator: Nontextual Sources of Meaning in Ancient Judaism, and “Liturgy, Poetry, and the Persistence of Sacrifice”. He also served as the associate editor for Judaica for the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Religion. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 30 May 2021 | Yoma No.4: Goat Yoma | 00:29:29 | |
What lessons can we take from the Yom Kippur scapegoat to the work of social justice? How can our understanding of justice inform how we practice teshuva? Rabbi Jessica Rosenberg has worked as a national organizer at Bend the Arc: Jewish Action, a movement of progressive Jews across the country who are fighting for justice and equality for all, and as a collective member of the Radical Jewish Calendar project. She is also the author of “An Introduction to Trauma, Healing and Resilience for Rabbis, Jewish Educators and Organizers”, published by Reconstructing Judaism. View a source sheet for this episode here. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 14 Jun 2021 | Yoma No.5: If I Were a Ritual Man | 00:31:50 | |
What did sacrifice mean to ancient Jews? Where do the meanings of our rituals that we are taught in school come from? Professor Jonathan Klawans is Professor of Religion at Boston University’s Department of Religion and the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies. He has published a number of important articles on the topics of ritual sacrifice and purity in Ancient Israel, and is the author of multiple books including Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism and Purity Sacrifice and the Temple: Symbolism and Supersessionism in the Study of Ancient Judaism. Professor Klawans is also co-editor with Lawrence M. Wills of the recently-released Jewish Annotated Apocrypha. Check out the source sheet for this episode here Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 27 Jun 2021 | Yoma No.6: Scroll Play | 00:35:15 | |
How did the Torah reading ritual evolve from its origins in the Temple service on Yom Kippur to its familiar form as we perform it today? What can Talmud-era synagogue ruins tell us about how ancient Jews performed the ceremony? Rabbi Dr. Ruth Langer is Professor of Jewish Studies in the Theology Department at Boston College, and Interim Director of its Center for Christian-Jewish Learning. She is widely published and in addition to a long list of articles her books include To Worship God Properly: Tensions between Liturgical Custom and Halakhah in Judaism, and Jewish Liturgy: A Guide to Research. Rabbi Dr. Langer is also the co-editor of Liturgy in the Life of the Synagogue: Studies in the History of Jewish Prayer. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 05 Jul 2021 | Yoma No.7: Day of Eatonement | 00:38:04 | |
CW: eating disorders/disordered eating Should a person suffering from or recovering from an eating disorder fast on Yom Kippur? How can we change our own harmful attitudes towards food and our bodies? Temimah Zucker is a licensed clinical social worker providing sessions to those in New York and New Jersey who struggle with mental health concerns, eating disorders, disordered eating, and body image. She is a metro-New York supervisor at Monte Nido Manhattan and is an adjunct professor at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work. Temimah writes for the Jewish Link and speaks around the country on the subject of eating disorders and disordered eating and continues to work toward creating Tikvah V'Chizuk, an organization geared toward the Jewish community with regard to support for those in recovery as well as their loved ones. If you or someone you know is suffering from an eating disorder, help is available. Call the National Eating Disorders Association Helpline or visit https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/help-support/contact-helpline Monday-Thursday 11 am - 9 pm ET and Friday 11 am - 5 pm for free, confidential emotional support. If you are in a crisis and need help immediately outside of these hours, text “NEDA” to 741741 to be connected with a trained volunteer at Crisis Text Line. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter.
Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 19 Jul 2021 | Sukkah No.1: The Schach’s the Limit | 00:37:45 | |
How can limitations inspire creativity? In what ways do the laws of sukkah accommodate differences among communities? Professor Noah Resnick currently teaches and practices in the city of Detroit, Michigan. A partner at Laavu, Resnick is also the Associate Dean and Professor at the School of Architecture and Community Development at the University of Detroit Mercy. Additionally he served as jury co-chair in the Sukkah x Detroit competition in 2018. View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Special thanks to our executive producer Adina Karp Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 02 Aug 2021 | Sukkah No.2: Equal Protection | 00:32:45 | |
Is the housing crisis really that complicated? How can we cultivate compassion within ourselves for our neighbors experiencing homelessness and displacement? Aaron Berc is a community organizer at Jewish Community Action, an organization with the mission to bring together Jewish people from diverse traditions and perspectives to promote understanding and take action on racial and economic justice issues in Minnesota. Aaron organizes JCA's Housing Justice campaign where he focuses on the fight for the rights of tenants, and making sure all of those in the community have a dignified home. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 16 Aug 2021 | Sukkah No.3: Lulav Languages | 00:39:17 | |
Why are some Jews using different species for the lulav ritual than those prescribed by the Talmud? How can we be more compassionate towards the land and produce the Sukkot festival celebrates, and better allies to the indigenous peoples whose lands we occupy? Gabi Kirk is a PhD candidate in geography with a designated emphasis in feminist theory and research at the University of California, Davis. Her research fields include political ecology, feminist geography, and geographies of colonialism and settler-colonialism. Additionally, she is a co-contributor to The Book of Lulav zine from 2017. View a source sheet for this episode here. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 30 Aug 2021 | Sukkah No.4: A Song of Water and Fire | 00:29:48 | |
What is the Torah of music? How can we express our individuality through song while simultaneously singing together? Joey Weisenberg is the Founder and Director of Hadar’s Rising Song Institute. He is a mandolinist, guitarist, percussionist, and singer who has performed and recorded in a wide variety of musical styles, and has released or produced over fourteen albums, many together with the Hadar Ensemble. His most recent album, L’eila, was released on July 28 and will be available on all major streaming platforms this fall or winter. Joey is also the author of Building Singing Communities and The Torah of Music, and currently offers a master class in Jewish song. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 02 Sep 2021 | Sukkah No.5: Big Hut Judaism | 00:19:25 | |
Hadran Alach Mesekhet Sukkah! We shall return to you Tractate Sukkah! Finish off the tractate with us by hearing about a new, collaborative multimedia commentary on the final chapter, created by the Kreuzberg Kollel of Berlin. Rabbi Jeremy Borovitz is the Director of Jewish Learning for Hillel Germany, the co-founder of Base Berlin, and the Rosh Kollel of the Kreuzberg Kollel, a collaboration between Hillel Deutschland and OyVey Amsterdam. The Kollel is built to be a communal learning space geared towards in-depth, committed Jewish learning, and an incubator for developing new talent and creative Europe-based teachers rooted in the Jewish tradition. The most recent cohort just published a commentary on the 5th chapter of Masekhet Sukkah. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 13 Sep 2021 | Beitzah No.1: Kol Nidre Reveal | 00:37:50 | |
How did the Yom Kippur Machzor come to be? What’s the real story of Kol Nidre and U’Netaneh Tokef? David Stern is the Harry Starr Professor of Classical and Modern Jewish and Hebrew Literature and Professor of Comparative Literature and the Director of the Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard University. His fields of specialization are ancient and medieval Jewish literature and culture and the history of Biblical interpretation. Most of his current research and writing deals with the history of the Jewish book. Additionally, he is the author or editor (or co-editor) of fourteen books and many articles including “The Picture of Prayer, Kol Nidre 1320 and 2010,” “Kol Nidre with Dragons,” and “The Gospel of Rabbi Amnon of Mainz.” Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 27 Sep 2021 | Beitzah No.2: Meat Your Maker | 00:39:25 | |
What does an ethical Jewish meat company look like on the inside? How can we learn to care about where our food comes from? Naftali Hanau is the CEO and co-founder of Grow & Behold, the Brooklyn-based purveyor of fine kosher-pastured meats raised on family farms with no hormones or antibiotics. A shochet and menaker, Naf has learned with experts across the country. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 24 Oct 2021 | Rosh Hashanah No.1: Yidden in the Stars | 00:30:38 | |
Is there mazal for the people of Israel? How did the Sages relate to the stars? Lorelai Kude has been a practicing, professional astrologer for more than 30 years. She received her Master’s Degree in Jewish Studies from Berkeley’s Graduate Theological Union, with a thesis titled: “Yesh Mazal l’Yisrael: Astrology in Jewish Cultural Heritage”, and writes a syndicated Jewish astrology column (“Astrolojew”). Along with maintaining and growing her private astrological consulting practice, Lorelai also teaches classes, publishes a podcast on Jewish astrology, and is the Executive Director of The Aquarian Minyan and “Mother” of the Aquarian Minyan Yeshiva. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 08 Nov 2021 | Rosh Hashanah No.2: Shofar, So Good | 00:33:19 | |
What makes the shofar unique among Biblical instruments? How can a commandment to hear teach us to listen? Dr. Jonathan L. Friedmann is a scholar and practitioner of Jewish music. He serves as a pulpit cantor, he composes and arranges music, is a researcher in the area of the history and functions of synagogue song, and teaches at the Academy for Jewish Religion California. He has numerous books on music and religion and was co-editor of “Qol Tamid: The Shofar in Ritual, History, and Culture.” Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 15 Nov 2021 | Rosh Hashanah No.3: It's Hadran Time | 00:30:11 | |
Hadran Alach Mesekhet Rosh Hashanah! Since the modern period and beyond, the communal creative practice of calendar making, which our Tractate has mainly focused on, has mostly left us — but not entirely. Hear from some of the artists and collaborators of The Radical Jewish Calendar Project. Rabbi Ariana Katz is the layout editor for the Radical Jewish Calendar project. She is also the founding rabbi of Hinenu: The Baltimore Justice Shtiebl. Ariel DiOrio is a Boston-based artist, educator, designer, and photographer who finds inspiration in projects that use creativity to promote social change. Her work is featured for the month of Shevat. Ayeola Omolara Kaplan is a visual artist and abolitionist. Her work is featured for the month of Adar II. Blue Reinhard is a student studying Studio Art at Occidental College. Their work is featured for the month of Tammuz. Katherine Leung is an artist, activist, and educator. Her work is featured for the month of Av. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) | |||
| 06 Dec 2021 | Taanit No.1: Prayin' for the Rain | 00:31:31 | |
How did the Sages of the Talmud understand the connection between rain and the Divine? How do talmudic stories impart ethical values? Dr. Jonathan Wyn Schofer is Associate Professor of Religious Studies, with affiliation in the Schustermann Center for Jewish Studies at The University at Texas at Austin. He has published work on the connections between law, theology, and ethics in canonical Jewish sources of late antiquity, including his first book, The Making of a Sage: A Study in Rabbinic Ethics. His essay “Theology and Cosmology in Rabbinic Ethics: The Pedagogical Significance of Rainmaking Narratives” is the groundwork for a chapter on drought in his second book, Confronting Vulnerability: The Body and the Divine in Rabbinic Ethics. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 26 Dec 2021 | Megillah No.1: The Whole Megillah | 00:36:35 | |
Why is the Sages’ exposition of the Book of Esther so imaginative? How do we avoid blurring the lines between Midrashic homilies and what’s actually written in the text? Dr. Eliezer Segal is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Classics and Religion at the University of Calgary. He is widely published and some of his recent books include From Sermon to Commentary: Expounding the Bible in Talmudic Babylonia and Sanctified Seasons. Additionally he is the author of “The Babylonian Esther Midrash: A Critical Commentary.” Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 10 Jan 2022 | Megillah No.2: Layn Change | 00:32:29 | |
What does an inclusive Megillah reading sound like? What could the future of layning be? Rabbanit Bracha Jaffe serves as the Associate Rabba at the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale in Bronx, NY. A 2017 graduate of Yeshivat Maharat, she has taught many people women and girls to leyn and is the voice of the JOFA Megillat Esther and Megillat Rut apps. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 17 Jan 2022 | Taanit No.2: Tu B'Shvat or Not Tu B’Shvat | 00:45:46 | |
How is climate a Divine language? Why should you get to know a tree? Rabbi Shoshana Meira Friedman is a writer, activist, and song-leader in Boston. She serves as the Director of Professional Development at Hebrew College, and as a rabbinic consultant to Dayenu: A Jewish Call to Climate Action. She is a contributing author to Rooted & Rising: Voices of Courage in a Time of Climate Crisis, and her song “The Tide Is Rising,” which she co-wrote with her husband Yotam Schachter, has spread as an anthem in the climate movement. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode here. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||
| 31 Jan 2022 | Moed Katan No.1: People of the Black Book | 00:36:50 | |
CW//brief mentions of sexual abuse and abusers When, why, and how did the rabbis of the Talmud excommunicate people? How did they craft a narrative of powerlessness to invest themselves with more power? Rabbi Dr. Meesh Hammer-Kossoy is the Director of the Pardes Year Program at the Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem. In 2015, Meesh completed her studies at Beit Midrash Har’el and received ordination from Rabbi Herzl Hefter and Rabbi Daniel Sperber. She has a PhD in Talmud from New York University, and her dissertation explores the ways in which the rabbis of the Talmud created a criminal punishment system. Special thanks to our executive producer, Adina Karp View a source sheet for this episode www.sefaria.org/sheets/379348. Keep up with Interleaved on Facebook and Twitter. Music from https://filmmusic.io "Midnight Tale" by Kevin MacLeod (https://incompetech.com) License: CC BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) | |||