CEN Horse Nutrition (Bryan and Peter | CEN Horse Nutrition )

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of the very popular CEN Oil and the benefits of Omega 3 for horses. 

Why vegetable oil is unhealthy?

How fat can be used as a cool energy source.

When to feed CEN Oil?

Why fish oil for horses is unnatural?

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-oil-high-omega-3/

From pleasure to performance horses, CEN Oil is used successfully by horse owners all around Australia. Containing 60% Omega 3, CEN Oil provides a high-quality source of plant-based Omega 3 with a similar Omega profile to fresh pasture.

In this episode, Bryan interviews EQ Saddlery Founder Geoff Sinclair. EQ Saddlery is a family owned and operated business leveraging generations of equestrian passion and over 50 years of expertise in the equestrian retail and wholesale industries
EQ Saddlery continues its rapid expansion with the completion of its 7th store location, our core philosophy remains unchanged: to provide unparalleled service, premier products, and renowned brands to valued customers.

Geoff is also currently FEI Chair of the Risk Management Steering Group, Member of the Eventing Committee, and FEI Level 3 TD.

EQ SADDLERY https://www.eqsaddlery.com.au/collections/cen

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the feed rates of horse feed in particular the CEN Lupin Pellet and Beet Pulp.

Dry weight vs Wet weight.

Should you monitor your horse's condition response and adjust volume?

What is a healthy feeding strategy when pasture or grassy hay is the base of the diet.

CEN Lupin Pellet - https://cennutrition.com.au/product/lupin-pellet-high-fibre/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss all about nutrient deficiencies in horse diets and the impact on health and performance.

Including:

The signs and symptoms of nutrient deficiency. 

What are some physical symptoms to look for?

How to lower the risk of nutrient deficiencies in you horse's diet. 

Comparing the conventional way of feeding to the CEN Feed Program.

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the comparisons of feeding costs to common feeds vs the CEN Feed program.

Why CEN feeds and supplements are great value for the nutrient profile.

Is CEN really that expensive and the breakdown in costs per feed and effectiveness in horse health. 

A sneak peek into a new revolutionary product that CEN will be relating next month. 

CEN Products link: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of CEN Gamma Formula and the benefits for your horse's temperament, appetite and muscle growth.  

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-gamma-formula/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan interview international Australian horseman GUY MCLEAN and his wife EMILY MCLEAN about their new partnership with CEN. 

• Guy McLean's review of CEN Gold and the effect on his famous horse "Nugget"
• The positive health benefits Guy has seen with CEN Collagen. 
• The challenges faced with performance shows over the COVID period and how has Guy pivoted in this time. 
• What is one of the first things Guy would teach a young horse?
• What is a young horse's natural reaction to the first time a halter is put on?
• Guy McLean is:
  - 2x World Champion of Road to the horse
  - 1x Equitana Way of the Horse Champion
  - Australian Bush Poetry Champion
  - Known to love and honour the beautiful horse. 

5% OFF At The CEN Store - Use Coupon Code: GUY5
CEN Gold Link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-gold/

Bryan & Peter take you through the simple strategy that can help limit the danger of feeding hay!

They also take you through 3 key nutrient shortfalls of hay that are required for horses to thrive and perform to their ability.

In this episode, Bryan & Peter interview FEI Vet Dr. Mike Tomlinson, a seasoned equine veterinarian with over four decades of experience in the world of international equestrian sports.

With a career spanning five World Equestrian Games, Olympics and countless World Championships across multiple disciplines, his expertise is unparalleled.

Dr. Mike has been a key figure at up to 30 FEI events annually, serving in roles such as Chef d’Equipe, Team Vet, and Veterinary Delegate for prestigious competitions around the world.

As a FEI Vet in Dressage, Endurance, Eventing, Vaulting, Para Dressage, and Jumping, and holding various roles as a FEI Steward, ‘O’ Judge, Technical Delegate, and Course Director, Dr. Mike’s insights into the veterinary care, training, and health of elite horses are invaluable. Join us for an in-depth conversation about the challenges and rewards of working at the highest levels of equestrian sport.

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the benefits of Magnesium and how critical it is for the body systems of a horse.

Including:

• Facts about Magnesium for horses.
• How much Magnesium is required in a horse’s diet?
• What impact does Magnesium have on the horse’s body systems?
• Strategies to supplement Magnesium in performance horses
• And more…

References:
National Research Council – https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pdf/nutrient-requirements-for-horses/2014-09-29/nutrient-requirements-for-horses.pdf

CEN Lupin Pellet Plus - High Fibre Conditioning Feed with Marine Sourced Calcium & Magnesium - https://cennutrition.com.au/product/lupin-pellet-high-fibre/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss potential dangers of adding iron to a horses diet.

Including:

Can a horse excrete excess iron?

How much iron does a horse require daily?

Are blood tests for iron accurate?

Can excess iron affect performance?

And more....

CEN Product Range – https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

In this podcast, Bryan previews the Cowgirls Gathering 2022 Event with Tanja Kraus. 

The 2022 gathering will be at the Kilkivan Showgrounds (Queensland) on the Queen’s Birthday long weekend.  Kicking off on Friday 30th of September and finishing up on Sunday 2nd of October.

Cowgirls Gathering is a space to immerse yourself. As a horsewoman, a cowgirl, a friend. It’s more than an event, it’s a space to celebrate our lives, our horses with our friends, with fun, with heart. Come along to learn, ride, engage, shop, dance, experience, and celebrate all the parts that make up being a “cowgirl”.

Cowgirls Gathering 2022 - https://cowgirlsgathering.com.au

Tanja Kraus - Lessons from Horses - Perspectives - https://www.horsemanshipforperformance.com/store/p34/Lessonsfromhorses.html

CEN Products - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

Join host Bryan from CEN in an engaging interview with the A-Team, Ashley and Jolene Cole, as they share their remarkable journey and success at the 2024 Inglewood EnduraFest Australasia Regional Endurance Championship.

Discover the incredible story and results behind their seamless transition to the new CEN Ultimate Grain Free feed and the positive impact it has had on their horses.

In this episode, you'll learn about Ashley and Jolene's recent holistic approach to achieving mental and physical excellence through practices like cold plunging (ice baths) and the use of CEN Collagen.

Get inspired by their dedication and hear about their ambitious plans for the future, including the prestigious Tom Quilty Gold Cup 2024.

Whether you're an endurance enthusiast or someone striving for personal greatness, this episode is packed with insights and motivation. Tune in for an inspiring discussion on health, wellness, and equestrian excellence!

Endurance Facebook Group - Endurance Chatter

CEN Horse Nutrition Product Range

• When is the best age to start training a young horse?
• The use of X-rays to determine readiness for fast gallops in young horses?
• What impact does the training have on their joints, tendons and ligaments.
• What factors does age or training method impact?
  

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss young horse training with Dr David Evans PhD BVSc who is a well respected Veterinary Consultant in Equine Sport Science and Honorary Associate Professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at University of Sydney.

Summary Article - Training Young Horses - https://cennutrition.com.au/training-young-horses/

They have an in-depth discussion about the latest research through this literature review:

Training Young Horses: The Science behind the Benefits

by Alyssa A. Logan and Brian D. Nielsen

Animals 2021, 11(2), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020463

Dr Evans is based in Australia as a consultant to horse owners and trainers, with a focus on practical applications of the science of equine fitness measurement and training.

There are many crossovers between horse breed types that all performance horse owners may find interesting, and a fascinating insight of the scientific theory to training a thoroughbred at the elite racing level.

Evans Science - https://www.facebook.com/evansscience

In this podcast, Bryan and Dr Lena Clifford have an in-depth discussion about Ross River Virus in horses and the effect on their body systems. 

• What are the symptoms of Ross River in horses?
• What causes the Ross River Virus infection in horses?
• The impact on muscles and the immune system
• Can nutrition help support the immune system?
• How to lower the risk and treatment for the virus.

Dr Lena Clifford DVM – Animal Biomechanical Solutions – http://www.biomechanicalsolutions.com.au/index.php

In this special announcement, Bryan and Magellan interview Equipad Founder Katie and the huge release of a limited edition collaboration product!

Get all the info of how this collaboration has come to fruition and an insight about the quality and design of this amazing product!

Keep an eye out on our socials! Search "Equipad" and "CEN Horse"

EQUIPAD: https://www.equipadequestrian.com

CEN: https://cennutrition.com.au

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the care and nutrition of rescue horses. 

What is a healthy feeding strategy to return a recuse horse to optimum health. 

Why too much feed too soon can cause problems? 

What does a healthy rescue horse diet look like?

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Bryan interviews CEN & HERO Ambassador Emma Lindell regarding the CEN diet that her famous standardbred James - MF Hollywood has thrived on.

Emma outlines the significant volume reduction in hard feed being one of the reasons for his recent success in competition.

James won countless championships and garlands across the entire East Coast of Australia and being the first standardbred to contest the prestigious Garryowen Turnout event at the Royal Melbourne Show in 2013.

Follow Emma Lindell and James on Instagram @MF_Hollywood

HERO - https://hrvhero.com.au/hero-team/ambassadors/

Hero Ambassador Program, is to reduce the costs associated with campaigning horses, to enable owners to take their standardbreds out to more events, where the beautiful nature and talents of the breed can be showcased to the broader equestrian community.

In this podcast Bryan and Magellan speak with 2023 FEI young rider Champion Bridgette Dalmau.

Bridgette shares her insights of competing at the higher levels of dressage whilst juggling her final years of school.

Join Bryan and Peter as they explore how low glycogen stores can impact on your horse's energy levels.

Have you noticed your horse feeling sluggish or unable to maintain stamina during workouts or performance?

What is a high sugar and starch feed and what is considered balanced.?

How does sugar and starch contribute to glycogen stores in horses?

The science behind glycogen storage in horses, how diet and training affect glycogen levels, and practical tips for ensuring your horse maintains optimal energy reserves. 

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Tanja Kraus and Phil Monaghan about their ‘Gap Year Tour’ - 12 months of touring and teaching collaboration clinics! The response of traveling their horses hundreds of kms on the CEN feed and supplement range. We will also discuss client questions including:
- transitioning from snaffle bit to hackamore
- strategies to stop a horse from pawing
- mental relaxation and your horse

Phil Monaghan is a level 3 cowboy dressage Clinician and both Tanja and Phil have competed successfully in the United States - Tanja winning the Cowboy Dressage Top Hand Competition in 2018 and in 2019 was a Riding for the Brand finalist with Phil placing in the top 3 in Riding for the Brand. In 2021 Tanja was a top finalist in the Cowgirls Gathering - Race to Ranch Competition 2021.

Links:
Gap Year Tour Clinics 2022 - http://www.horsemanshipforperformance.com/2022-gap-year-tour.html

Tanj's Instagram: https://instagram.com/tanjakraushorsemanship
Tanja's Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TanjaKrausHorsemanship
Phil's Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/philmonaghanjaquimaafreno

CEN Links:
CEN Horse: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

In this podcast, Peter and Dr Lena Clifford have an in-depth discussion about acupuncture and the benefits of natural therapies.

What is Acupuncture?

How to keep your horse in the most optimal condition with natural therapies such as acupuncture. 

Dr Clifford has trained as a veterinarian in Germany where she completed her PHD, and now specialises in animal acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine & animal biomechanics.

Dr Lena Clifford DVM - Animal Biomechanical Solutions - http://www.biomechanicalsolutions.com.au/index.php

CEN Horse Nutrition - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

Want to know how and why CEN Nutrition began? In the first ever CEN Nutrition podcast, Peter and Bryan take you on the journey of the origins of CEN and some education on the most important aspect of a horse's diet. Enjoy!

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss cause and treatment of Hay Belly in horses.

Including:

How does Hay Belly develop in horses?

Is hay quality important?

Ways to correct Hay Belly?

Preventing Hay Belly in horses. 

And more....

CEN Product Range – https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

Articles: 

Gut microbiota resilience in horse athletes following holidays out to pasture

Clinical Aspects Related to Plasma Serotonin in the Horse

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss a strategy to help simplify your horse's diet. 

In particular how to limit the need for feeding multiple bagged feeds. 

What is a simple feeding strategy when pasture or grassy hay is the base of the diet.

How to save money while still maintaining quality nutrition and optimum horse health. 

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Bryan catches up with Guy Mclean who recently returned to Australia from his USA tour. Guy answers some CEN User Group questions and also gives an insight to his famous stallion 'Nugget'

Guy Mclean - https://guymclean.store/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss 5 reasons for weight loss in horses and a checklist of what to look for in terms of diet, management and environment.

What is a simple feeding strategy to help weight gain and the aspects that are important for the horse's body systems. 

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the new product CEN NO3 Boost!

What is Nitric Oxide and how can it help your horse?

What is CEN NO3 Boost?

Benefits of Nitric Oxide with the respiratory system and blood circulation.

Nitric Oxide and inflammatory conditions.

How to help improve blood circulation and the impact on stamina in performance.

Product Link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-no3-boost/

In this podcast, Bryan and Karly Eldridge - Equine Nutritionist discuss Mud Fever in horses.

With the current flood situation in parts of QLD and NSW - Australia, they discuss internal and external strategies to help prevent Mud Fever in horses. 

- What is Mud Fever?
- What is the cause of Mud Fever in horses?
- Is it the same as greasy heel or rain scald?
- What is a good treatment strategy externally?
- How nutrition can impact the prevention of Mud Fever?

CEN Product Range - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/
Karly Eldridge Equine Nutritionist – https://www.facebook.com/stableisedequine

In this podcast, Bryan and Leisa discuss the topic of Aches and Pains with Physiotherapist Michael Gray from Frontier Physiotherapy.
This podcast is suitable to everyone who is involved in physical exercise or a physical occupation. The horse rider is used as the physical example.

• Introduction to Michael Gray and his background on industry experiences both professional and personal
• Discussion of the most common pain types experienced by horse riders
• Tips on ways to minimise pain and aches using exercise and nutrition
• The effects of collagen peptides on the structure of the body
• What is a Tendinopathy and how does it heal?

And more!

CEN Collagen Peptides - https://cennutrition.com.au/for-you/

Frontier Physiology - Michael Gray - https://frontierphysio.com

Want to know more about blood tests for your horse? 

Blood Scientist and CEN Co-founder Bryan takes you on an overview of the usefulness of blood tests, why iron can't be tested in horse blood in Australia and answers to some questions from the CEN Users group on Ross River Fever, inflammatory proteins, mycotoxins and nitrates.  Enjoy!

https://cennutrition.com.au

Bryan interviews Eli from Elirose Equestrian who has a following of over 100k on all social media and has been announced as the brand ambassador for Equitana 2024.

They also go through the success of her Off the Track Show Jumping mare - "Echo"

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the truth about calming supplements especially the interaction with the horse's existing diet.

CEN Products link: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/shop/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter interview Ashely Cole, winner of the 2023 Tom Quilty Gold Cup - TQ23!

This must listen interview is full of emotion and also touches on all aspects including Ashley's mindset in achieving this huge victory!

Tom Quilty is the national championship event of equestrian endurance with horse and rider teams aiming to complete a 160 kilometre course within 24 hours. 

In the 57 year history of the event, Ashley recorded the 3rd quickest time ever and was also awarded best conditioned horse!

Podcast Cover Photo - https://sarahsullivanphotography.zenfolio.com/contact.html

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the care and nutrition of Broodmares.

What is a healthy feeding strategy for all stages of a Broodmare's pregnancy?

Why too much sugar and starch can cause problems for the Broodmare and Foal?

What health condition can the foal develop with unbalanced nutrition?

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of CEN CF50 - the Ultimate 6 in 1 GRAIN FREE Vitamin and Mineral supplement!  

Is CEN CF50 suitable for your horse?

Is CEN CF50 safe for horses prone to laminitis?

How does the CEN CF50 supplement compare to CEN Grain Free feed. 

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-cf50/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan profile Dr David Evans PhD BVSc who is a well respected Veterinary Consultant in Equine Sport Science and Honorary Associate Professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at University of Sydney.

They have an in-depth discussion about his experience in the thoroughbred racing industry, using heart rates and lactates for fitness and scientific aspects of training, management and performance. The challenges of training with new methods compared to older methods.

Dr Evans CNN report on the brilliance of Winx - https://edition.cnn.com/videos/sports/2017/04/24/australia-queen-elizabeth-stakes-racing-thoroughbreds-fitness-winx-cnn-winning-post-april-2017-spc.cn

Dr Evans is based in Australia as a consultant to horse owners and trainers, with a focus on practical applications of the science of equine fitness measurement and training. 

There are many crossovers between horse breed types that all performance horse owners may find interesting, and a fascinating insight of the scientific theory to training a thoroughbred at the elite racing level.

Evans Science - https://www.facebook.com/evansscience

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the effects of zinc on your horse and what is required in the diet. 

Including:

What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency? 

Which are the levels of Zinc in hay or pasture?

The effect of Iron on Zinc absorption

Why is zinc, copper and iron ratios important? 

Vitamin & Mineral Balancers/Feeds with strong vitamin and mineral profiles!

Product links:
CEN Complete Grain Free: cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-com…ete-grain-free/ 

CEN CF50: cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-cf50/

show less

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss all about the hard feed ration and how to check if it is the right volume for your horse's environment?

In particular what is a good volume compared to your horse's forage intake?

What is a healthy feeding strategy when pasture or grassy hay is the base of the diet.

Why feeding too much of the wrong hard feed may develop metabolic issues over time.

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the simple steps to take to help lower the risk of ulcers in horses. 

We have added a new key ingredient to CEN Ulcer Protect to help prevent ulcer formation. 

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-ulcer-protect/

• What causes of ulcers in a horse?
• What are the symptoms of ulcers to look for?
• Which medication is used for ulcer treatment?
• Do ulcer medications have side effects?
• Are natural supplements effective in helping prevent ulcers?
• Feeding strategies to help lower the risk of ulcer formation.

To read the Causes Of Ulcers Article, CLICK HERE.

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Tanja Kraus who recently released her much-anticipated 3rd Book in the Lessons from Horses series called MOVEMENT.

Tanja dives deep into the importance of how and why horses should move daily, and how practical exercises in her new book can improve their physical and mental well-being.

Whether you're riding or working with your horse on the ground, these insights are designed to promote longevity and a happier, healthier partnership.

Join Tanja as she shares exciting updates, including her latest clinics, her certification as a Trauma-Informed Horse Trainer, and a sneak peek into what’s coming up at Equitana, where she’ll be joining us at Site 369 in the Exhibition Pavilion.

In this podcast, Bryan interviews equestrian influencer Amber Matthews who has amassed a huge social media following in less than a year!

With over 300k followers across all platforms, Amber gives an insight into her social media accounts, being real and vulnerable online in a sea of filters and facades and her background with horses and training.

Amber opens up on the highs and lows of her journey and she answers a commonly asked question from her followers!

Amber Matthews Links -

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/_ambermatthews

TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@amber_matthews

Youtube: https://youtube.com/@amber_matthews

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter have a discussion on the types of muscle fibres in horses and their effects on speed and stamina. 

• How nutrition can impact the horse's muscle fibre types. 
• The difference between aerobic (oxygen) and anaerobic(without oxygen) training and performance.
• And more...

Article: Muscle Fibres In Horses – https://cennutrition.com.au/muscle-fibres-in-horses/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss all about the possible link of mineral deficiencies and sun bleached coats.  Including:

The signs and symptoms of a sun bleached coat?

How to lower the risk of a sun bleached coat through your horse's diet.

Management of a sun bleached prone horse.

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss how to build great topline and muscle health.

Including:

Which nutrients support muscle growth?

How to build a great topline for your horse?

How does CEN Gamma Formula help muscle and performance?

Product links:
CEN Gamma Formula
https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-gamma-formula/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss our new product CEN Frisky Mare. 

Which horses is this CEN Frisky Mare suitable for?

Reasons the ingredients were chosen for the formula?

Innovation of products in CEN general discussion.

Article Link: ⁠https://cennutrition.com.au/control-the-uncontrollable-cen-frisky-mare-benefits/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss when a horse should be supplemented Vitamin C?
Also, a listener question about hoof health in wet weather.

Including:

• Facts about Vitamin C for horses.
• How much Vitamin C is required in a horse's diet?
• What impact does Vitamin C have on the horse's body systems?
• Strategies to supplment Vitamin C in performance horses
• And more...

References:
National Research Council - https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pdf/nutrient-requirements-for-horses/2014-09-29/nutrient-requirements-for-horses.pdf

CEN Vitamin C - https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-horse-vitamin-c-powder/

M & J Agistment & Spelling - https://www.mjagistmentspelling.com/

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Equestrian Influencer Eli from Elirose Equestrian about her journey with transforming her 8yo OTTB 'Enzo' into a consistent eventer, the challenges of feeding OTTB and Enzo’s response to the CEN feed and supplement range. We will also discuss the success of her huge social media following which has enabled her to have a long list of affiliations /sponsorships.

The journey of Eli and Enzo from the early days until his current discipline change including -

• Eli's history with horses and her riding inspiration.
• Eli’s hidden talent?
• Enzo's transformation on the CEN feed program
• What is an Equestrian Influencer?
• The key to social media mindset
• And more...

Elirose Links:

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/elirose.equestrian
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Elirose.Equestrian
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/eliroseequestrian
Tiktok: https://www.tiktok.com/@elirose.equestrian

CEN Links:
CEN Horse: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/
CEN Collagen: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-collagen-for-women/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter explain the common blood test panel ordered and what do they tell you about your horse.

Are there any shortfalls or inaccuracies in the results?

How you should look at blood tests in general?

Disclaimer: The information in this podcast is not designed to diagnose, treat, or cure any condition and is for information purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast are based on my 15 years of clinical experience as a blood scientist. (Bryan)

Please discuss any information with your veterinarian before making any changes to your horses management.

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss heart rate applications in performance horses with Dr David Evans PhD BVSc who is a well respected Veterinary Consultant in Equine Sport Science and Honorary Associate Professor in the Faculty of Veterinary Science at University of Sydney.

• The Truth about heart rate monitors.
• Is stride length important?
• Resisting fatigue and promoting stamina, what does this look like in a thoroughbred racehorse?
• Heart rate profile of Melbourne Cup horses
• How to respond to the heart rate data
• The dangers of training on a quick timeline
• Heart Index difference to Heart Score
  
  

Dr Evans is based in Australia as a consultant to horse owners and trainers, with a focus on practical applications of the science of equine fitness measurement and training.

There are many crossovers between horse breed types that all performance horse owners may find interesting, and a fascinating insight of the scientific theory to training a thoroughbred at the elite racing level.

Evans Science - https://www.facebook.com/evansscience

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss ways you can lower the colic risk in your horse.

Including:
What are the different types of colic? 

What are the causes of colic in a horse?

What are the symptoms of colic to look for?

What type of colic is the most common?

Feeding strategies to help lower the risk of colic in horse.

Key Links:
Colic Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/diet-induced-colic-horses/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss 5 key digestive health tips to help get gut health right before buying digestive supplements. 

Including:

Facts about horse digestion and the digestive system.

What should the foundation of the diet be before digestive supplements?

What to feed before exercise?

Chris from Victoria gives her story about her 4yo Bull Arab named Kendrick. She gives her review of CEN ACTIVE and CEN OIL and the positive effects seen in Kendrick's mobility.

Kendrick suffers from Spondylosis of the spine and Canine Meniscus Injury (Cruciate Ligament Damage) and was heading for TPLO surgery.
Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) was avoided with a conservative management approach, which included feeding Kendrick CEN ACTIVE and CEN Oil.

CEN Active: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen_active_dog_joint_hip/

CEN Oil: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cenoilfordogs/

In this podcast, Bryan profiles Dr Lena Clifford DVM who has recently joined the CEN team to expand our knowledge base of understanding the impacts of biomechanics on muscular, skeletal, digestive and overall health of the horse.

Dr Clifford has trained as a veterinarian in Germany where she completed her PHD, and now specialises in animal acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine & animal biomechanics.
We discuss the relationship of biomechanics to common problems in horses, such as behaviour, pain or performance.
Dr Lena Clifford DVM - Animal Biomechanical Solutions - http://www.biomechanicalsolutions.com.au/index.php

In this emotional podcast, Bryan interviews Chevy's owner Alex Parkinson and his remarkable journey through a life threatening injury.

"Chevy was hit with a pretty devastating injury at the end of August, my main competitive horse sustained an avulsion fracture to the inside of his hock that took the whole supporting ligament with it. I was looking down the barrel to a $5000 surgery to repair the damage, though at the time he was not stable enough with more risk of further injury than any kind of success...."

Hear Chevy's amazing revival with the help of CEN as the backbone of his nutritional support.

CEN Horse Products: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

Bryan interviews horse trainer Kirralee Jones from Partnership Performance Horses to discuss the mentality of the horse, her learnings of the TRT Method and her time overseas with this method creator Tristan Tucker.

They discuss topics around Kirralee's horse clinics, problem solving, connection and relationship building and her experience with discovering CEN.

And more...

Links:

https://www.instagram.com/kirralee.jones

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the performance benefits of a new natural lactic acid buffer product - CEN Beta Alanine

Journal Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10659307/

Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/beta-alanine-lactic-acid-buffer/

CEN Products link: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/shop/

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Tanja Kraus from Tanja Kraus Horsemanship, discussing horse training and philosophy. In particular the mental attitude towards your horse in training. Also, the amazing results in health and condition of her Off The Track Thoroughbred Ginger Coops on CEN. 

• Tanja gives an update on her OTTB Ginger Coops 5 days out from the Race To Ranch event at the Cowgirls Gathering. 

• The journey of Ginger Coops from the racetrack to now - 100 days in training. 

• What is the Tanja Kraus Horsemanship approach to training?

• Ginger Coop's response on CEN in his health and performance. 

• After a hard day of training, Tanja's drink of choice?

• Advice for Off The Track Thoroughbred Owners training and care.

Links:
Tanja Kraus Horsemanship Website - http://www.horsemanshipforperformance.com
Cowgirls Gathering - Race To Ranch Event - https://www.cowgirlsgathering.com.au/race-to-ranch/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the nutrition needs of an Endurance Horse.

From their energy, nutrients and hydration, they highlight the importance for a balanced diet that has sufficent fat and fibre to achieve optimal performance.  nutrition, training and physiology of Endurance Horses.

CEN Store - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/shop/

Endurance Horse Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/endurance-horse-metabolism/

In this podcast, Peter & Bryan interview Al Waab Farm representatives - Jennifer Ogden (Horse & Breeding Manager) and Elouise Lando (Horse Trainer & Stable Manager)

• Al Waab Farm profile as the World Leader in breeding Straight Egyptian Arabians
• The challenges of caring for horses in the Qatar climate
• How the CEN Feed program is vital for Straight Egyptian Arabians
• Profiling the Straight Egyptian Arabians

Al Waab Farm Website - https://www.alwaabfarm.com

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Renée Neubauer Vice President of Project Hope Horse Welfare about their amazing rescue horse organisation - including

• How many horses are in their care
• Their approach to managing a surrendered horse
• The surprising statistic of why horses are surrendered
• Ollie's story - rescue pony on CEN
• And more...

Project Hope Horse Welfare Victoria

Ollie's Rescue Story

CEN Store: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/shop/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss whether a horse really requires grain in the diet? What levels are safe?
Also, a listener question about sand accumulation in the gut, ways to prevent and treat.

Including:

• Facts about horse digestion of grain.
• How much grain is safe for a horse?
• What impact does high starch levels have on the horse?
• Does high starch have a negative effect on the gut microbiome?
• Strategies to maintain a healthy weight throughout Winter?
• And more...

Article:
Growth Rates of Thoroughbred Foals and In VitroGut Health Parameters When Fed a Cereal or an All-Fiber Creep Feed
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0737080620302823

New release CEN Complete Grain-Free
In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of the new CEN Complete Grain-Free. Enjoy!

Product link: cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-com…ete-grain-free/

Australia’s Only 5 In 1 High Fibre & Grain-Free Complete Feed!
Includes Live Probiotics, Prebiotics!

Developed for all horse disciplines from pleasure to elite equine athletes!

Save money on feeding multiple feeds and supplements!

COMPLETE GRAIN FREE is the ultimate all in one feed for:

Weight Gain/Maintenance
Cool Energy Source
Digestive Health
Ulcer & Laminitis Safe
Skin & Coat Condition
Immune System Health
Grain Intolerance
Tying – Up
Obesity
Insulin Resistance
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)
Cushings & PSSM
Stallions, Mares & Foals
100% Australian Raw Ingredients

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the PROS & CONS of feeding Oats to horses. 

We profile the nutrient levels in Oats with how they compare to other common cereal grains. 

Why Oats are healthy for horses?

What are the concerns with feeding oats?

Are Oats safe for horses?

Can Oats be considered as a prebiotic? 

How to feed Oats safely.

Oats For Horses Article Link: https://cennutrition.com.au/oats-for-horses-the-pros-and-cons/

Lupin Pellet Podcast Link: https://cennutrition.com.au/episode-52-cen-lupin-pellet-a-new-development/

In this podcast, Peter & Bryan interview elite level dressage rider Emma Weinert, who has returned to Australia from USA, where she was based with 5x Olympian Steffen Peters & Shannon Peters.  

Emma discusses how she discovered CEN on her return to Australia and describes the challenges of a laminitis prone performance horse.
How different is feeding horses in USA compared to Australia?
Also training advice for amateur riders and aligning your goals to a coach. 

EMMA WEINERT Links:

Instagram: https://instagram.com/emma_weinert
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/emmaweinertdressage
Website: https://www.emmaweinert.com

CEN Human Links:
CEN Collagen: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-collagen-for-women/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the reason why oils are not included in both the CEN Grain Free and CEN CF50 pellets.

Including:

What causes oxidative stress in horses?

Why oxidised fats cause free radical production?

The issue with too many free radicals in the body.

A common client question - "Why is CEN Oil not in CEN Pellets?"

Audio from Dr Eric Berg Clip - Oxidation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Oowx4269Ig

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the nutrition, training and physiology of Endurance Horses.

What are the different muscle fibre types in horses?

What are the energy requirements of an Endurance Horse?

What does an endurance horse diet look like?

How nutrition impacts performance.

Endurance Horse Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/endurance-horse-metabolism/

Bryan interviews Guy McLean - International Renowned Horseman Entertainer, Bush Poet, & Official Australian Stock Horse Ambassador.

They catch up on the 2024 events that Guy has performed at, most notably The Man From Snowy River Bush Festival.

Also a Q&A segment from our CEN Users Group

Including -

Top 5 tips for young horse owners.

ow to teach a young horse to give you space on the ground and not walk on top of you?

The best way to get contact and collection whilst still keeping softness and not forcing it!

How to motivate a “lazy” horse to go forward!

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss all the info about different hay types and if you are feeding your horse enough hay?

Which hay type is the most healthy for your horse?

How much hay should you feed your horse?

Why hay is better than chaff?

Does hay contain the required vitamins and minerals for your horse?

Vitamin & Mineral Balancers For Hay
Product links:
CEN Complete Grain Free
cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-com…ete-grain-free/

CEN CF50
cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-cf50/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of CEN Collagen and the huge health benefits for your dog.

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-collagen-peptides/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss how water is a natural performance enhancer and the myth about scraping your horse after hosing. 

Including:

Why is water important for better performance?

How much water is required by a horse?

Why scraping your horse after hosing can do more harm than good?

How nutrition impacts on hydration.

Electrolyte Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/electrolytes-explained/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss the hot topic of feeding horses in Winter.

• Strategies to achieve good body condition in the cooler weather while maintaining the health of each body system.
• Why rugging isn't the only way to keep a horse warm?
• Does feeding grain generate more warmth inside than fibre?

Link Mentions:

Campbells Winery

CEN Store

"He doesn't look like a horse that has done 320km! Looks just as good as when he started the event!"
In this podcast, Bryan interviews Saasha Grogan from S'Shaada Endurance Arabians about her recent success in a 320km marathon on her horse "BLUE". They cover the nutrition and feeding schedule of "BLUE" through the multiple day event, including the vet check scores and his response and recovery.

S'Shaada Endurance Arabians - https://www.facebook.com/sshaada

CEN Endurance Horse Podcast  - https://cennutrition.com.au/episode-17-endurance-horse-nutrition-how-to-improve-performance/

CEN Endurance Horse Article - https://cennutrition.com.au/endurance-horse-metabolism/

CEN Endurance Diet Program - https://cennutrition.com.au/suggested-equine-diets/

In this episode, Peter and Bryan take you through what is CEN CF50 Grain-Free Concentrate and how it can benefit your horse's health.

From digestive health and immune system support to strong hooves, a shiny coat, and optimal muscle and bone function, CF50 provides a balanced, low feed rate - grain-free solution for pleasure and performance horses alike.

Learn how its low-calorie, high-fibre formula can benefit horses prone to laminitis, ulcers, colic, and metabolic disorders—all while ensuring maximum nutrient absorption with chelated minerals and live probiotics.

🎧 Tune in now to discover how CF50 can help your horse thrive!

Link: CEN CF50 Product Page

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Tanja Kraus about her Off The Track Thoroughbred Ginger Coops and how the diagnosis of Kissing Spine was discovered. This discussion deep dives on the causes, structure and the treatment option Tanja will progress through with Ginger Coops this year. A must listen for all horse owners especially OTTB horse owners!

Tanja’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/tanjakraushorsemanship
Tanja’s Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TanjaKrausHorsemanship
Phil’s Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/philmonaghanjaquimaafreno

In this podcast Bryan and Magellan speak with Tracy John, owner of Berwick Endurance Stud, talks about the physical and mental challenges that come with endurance as well as her journey with CEN.

In this episode, Bryan and Peter review another challenging but fruitful year for CEN in 2021. 

- Highlights of the year including new products, funny moments, future plans and much more!

Sit back and grab your favourite drink/alcoholic beverage and enjoy the review episode. 

There are special shoutouts to some CEN fans! Could it be you?

Happy New Year! Thank you for all your support throughout 2021!

Campbells Wines mentioned in podcast - https://www.campbellswines.com.au

Four Pillars Gin mentioned in podcast - https://www.fourpillarsgin.com

Bryan and Peter take you through the history of CEN Nutrition in this CEN 10th Birthday episode bonanza! How did it all start and the huge progression to one of the leading equine nutrition brands in the industry, nothing is off limits!

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the truth about "Cool" and "Calm" horse feed.

Grain options for your horse and their starch contents.

Is the CEN Complete Grain-Free a true cool feed?

When is grain required in a horse's diet?

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-complete-grain-free/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of the very popular CEN GOLD - 3 IN 1 NATURAL JOINT & SKIN SUPPORT

When to feed CEN Gold?

Do you need to add black pepper?

What is the difference to pain relief medications such as 'bute'?

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-gold/

CEN GOLD is a unique natural formulation which may help reduce inflammation and assist in immune system health. Formulated from organic turmeric (5% curcumin), rosehip granules and stabilised linseed meal (25% Omega 3).
Rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, CEN Gold used successfully by horse owners, studs and trainers around Australia. A natural daily support to help limit the need for prolonged use of anti-inflammatory medication for chronic conditions.

In this podcast, 1st Episode of SEASON 5! Peter and Bryan discuss 5 key Winter feeding tips + Bonus Tips to help your horse thrive through the cooler weather.

Including:

• Facts about horse digestion and metabolism in cooler weather.
• What impact does rugging have on weight/condition?
• How water intake volume in Winter is important. 
• What should the foundation of the diet be in Winter?
• Strategies to maintain a healthy weight throughout Winter?

Article: https://cennutrition.com.au/5-quick-winter-tips-for-your-horse/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss which is the safest grain type for your horse's diet?

Including:

Comparison of the common grain types - Oats, Corn or Barley

How the different starch types are digested.

When is grain required in the diet?

Which is the safest grain choice out of Oats, Corn or Barley?

What are side effects of excessive starch levels in the diet? 

The effects of high starch levels on performance and metabolic health.

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss the possible dangers of Spring Pastures in relation to common conditions such as colic, laminitis and spookiness. 

How the spring pasture growth can present challenges to horse owners?

The common conditions that may develop from the nutrient profile of spring grass. 

Ways to help limit the risk of these conditions associated with Spring Pasture.

The CEN products that are complimentary to Spring Pasture. 

CEN Horse Nutrition - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of the very popular CEN GOLD - 4 IN 1 NATURAL JOINT & SKIN SUPPORT

We have added Hydrolysed Collagen as a key ingredient for joint health. 

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-gold/

CEN GOLD is a unique natural formulation which may help reduce inflammation and assist in immune system health. Formulated from organic turmeric (5% curcumin), rosehip granules, hydrolysed collagen and stabilised linseed meal (25% Omega 3).

Rich in antioxidants and polyphenols, CEN Gold used successfully by horse owners, studs and trainers around Australia. A natural daily support to help limit the need for prolonged use of anti-inflammatory medication for chronic conditions.

In this podcast, Bryan interviews Amy Cullen owner of 23 yr old Thoroughbred "RELLA" and the journey of fixing her health issues in the hope she can ride her at her wedding!
The solution to the RELLA's health is not straight forward and is a story of never giving up and always asking for a 2nd opinion.

Interview notes & links:

Osteopath - Kate Williams - https://www.facebook.com/happyhorsesportstherapy/

Dr Lousie Cosgrove - https://www.facebook.com/EEVS1

Erika Gough - https://www.facebook.com/insideoutequinehealth

Brisbane PEMF Therapy - https://www.facebook.com/brisbanepemftherapy/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss the journal article - "The Contribution of Specific and Nonspecific Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) Under Field Condition"

How can this article can help owners lower the risk of ulcers. 

CEN is about feeding according to a horse's physiology and working with their genetic makeup to help them thrive at their best!

Article From The Journal Of Equine Veterinary Science - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0737080619306021

CEN Nutrition - cennutrition.com.au

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the care and nutrition of younger horses. In particular what elements influence bone quality and growth.  
What is a healthy feeding strategy for all stages of a young horse's life.
Why too much starch can cause problems with a younger horse's structural and metabolic development.
Finally they discuss a recent study on the effects of a fibre ration vs grain ration diet on the development of thoroughbred foals.

Let us know what you think of the podcast or any topic suggestions visit - https://cennutrition.com.au/contact-us/

Study Reference:
Moore-Colyer M, Tuthill P, Bannister I, Daniels S, Growth rates of Thoroughbred foals and in vitro gut health parameters when fed a cereal or an all fibre creep feed., Journal of Equine Veterinary Science (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103191.

https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0737080620302823

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss ways you can lower risk of a horse developing into a Windsucker or Cribber.

Including:

What is the difference between Windsucking and Cribbing?

What are the causes of Windsucking in a horse?

Are horses who Windsuck more prone to colic?

Feeding strategies and stable management to help lower the risk of Windsucking in horses.

Product mentioned:

Barclays Collar: https://www.barclayscollar.com/shop/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan share their reflections on the most valuable lessons they have learnt from the previous 100 CEN podcast episodes.

They discuss various topics and offer their observations on the Equine industry in Australia, as well as how CEN differentiates itself from its competitors.

Henstep Thoroughbreds - https://www.facebook.com/henstepthoroughbreds/

CEN Products link: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/shop/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of CEN XtraBalance and the digestive health benefits for horses.

• What is CEN XtraBalance?
• When would you feed CEN XtraBalance?
• Why is fibre important?
• How CEN XtraBalance can help with condition or weight gain?
• What are the ingredients in CEN XtraBalance?
• CEN XtraBalance FAQs
• CEN XtraBalance User Review

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-xtrabalance/

CEN XtraBalance is formulated to maintain healthy digestive function to ensure better absorption of nutrients, manufacture of vitamins and minerals, a stronger immune system and removal of mycotoxins.

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss the facts about Cold Pressed Flaxseed Oil.

What is the true definition of Cold Pressed?

What is the difference between Flaxseed Oil and Linseed Oil?

Why is a First Cold Pressed Flaxseed Oil better for horse health than Raw / Refined Linseed Oil.

And more...

Article Link: https://cennutrition.com.au/is-your-oil-really-cold-pressed/

In this episode, Bryan and Peter discuss which one out of Fresh Pasture, Hay and Haylage is best for horses? The answer may surprise you!

They compare how much macro nutrients are achieved from each roughage type and how it can also mislead horse owners with the overall calorie intake.

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss how to use fat in a horse's diet to provide a cool energy boost.

Including: 

Why is fat beneficial in the equine diet?

What are the fat levels in pasture and hay?

The effect of fat on temperament and energy levels?

Can fat replace the portion of grain in the equine diet?

CEN Oil: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-oil-high-omega-3/

In this episode, Peter and Bryan dive into the art of transitioning your horse to a new feed without the drama! Discover why a gradual switch is key to keeping your horse’s tummy happy. We’ll share quick tips on how to start the process and outline a simple timeline for the switch.

Keep an eye out for signs of digestive distress, and learn what to do if your horse isn't adjusting well.

If you can’t get the old feed, we’ve got you covered with clever strategies for introducing the new feed. Join us for fun and essential insights to keep your horse thriving!

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the effects of excessive protein levels in a horse's diet and what is truly required.

Including:

What are the symptoms and side effects of excessive protein in the diet?

Are the protein levels in lucerne or lucerne haylage too high for maintenance? 

The effect of high protein levels on temperament and renal function.

How to balance the protein levels in the diet. 

CEN Complete Grain Free: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-complete-grain-free/

CEN CF50: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-cf50/

In this podcast, Peter and Bryan discuss the details of the very popular CEN XTRABALANCE - Digestive Horse Supplement

We have added key ingredients to CEN XtraBalance to improve the formulation for optimal digestive health. 

Product link: https://cennutrition.com.au/product/cen-xtrabalance/

7 IN 1 NATURAL DIGESTIVE SUPPLEMENT

CEN XtraBalance is formulated to maintain healthy digestive function to ensure better absorption of nutrients, manufacture of vitamins and minerals, a stronger immune system and removal of mycotoxins.

Optimal digestive health promotes a happier healthier horse through improvements in temperament, maintaining condition and lowering the risk of digestive upsets and metabolic diseases.

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter have a discussion on why nutrition is more than just calories and address some FAQs. 

• How nutrition can impact every body system and the parallels to human nutrition. 
• Is nutrition a form of nature's medicine?
• Reasons to why feeding CEN is the healthier option for horses. 
• And more...

Small Supplement Promo - CEN Horse: https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

Join Bryan as he chats with Renee from Project Hope Horse Welfare Victoria and CEN Ambassador Amber Matthews in this exclusive EQUITANA 2024 review!

We’re diving into:

• The impact of Project Hope’s mission at Equitana
  
• Amber’s Meet & Greet experience and fundraising success
  
• Personal highlights and unforgettable moments from the four-day event

From inspiring connections to simplifying horse nutrition, this episode celebrates the community, passion, and dedication that made Equitana 2024 so special!

Hit play now to relive the magic and get excited for EQUITANA 2026!

Links:

Project Hope Horse Welfare Victoria

Amber Matthews

In this podcast, Peter and Dr Lena Clifford have an in-depth discussion of her article in the Horse And People Magazine - LEARN TO RECOGNISE THE SUBTLE SIGNS OF PAIN IN HORSES -  https://horsesandpeople.com.au/learn-to-recognise-the-subtle-signs-of-pain/

Dr Clifford has trained as a veterinarian in Germany where she completed her PHD, and now specialises in animal acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine & animal biomechanics.

We discuss the relationship of pain in horses and how this leads to structural compensation. The impacts on behaviour and performance, plus the negative effect on digestion.

Dr Lena Clifford DVM - Animal Biomechanical Solutions - http://www.biomechanicalsolutions.com.au/index.php
CEN Horse Nutrition - https://cennutrition.com.au/horses/

In this podcast, Bryan and Peter discuss how a balanced diet can save you money.

Are supplements really required?